Morality of Drug Use

  In his book entitled â€Å"Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues,† Vincent Ryan Ruggiero formulated a criteria consisting of three elements, which criteria relates to respect for persons as a theoretical construct and a practical ethical standard for everyday decision making (Ruggiero, 78). These three criteria are obligations, moral ideals and consequences, which are all applicable to the determination of proper conduct in relation to drug use (Ruggiero, 79).Moral Ideals.Ruggiero explained his concept of moral ideals as distinct from obligations. For him, ideals are goals that characterize excellence, which goals are aimed at by different individuals (Ruggiero, 78). In particular, and in relation to respect for persons, he discussed that moral ideals assist a person in achieving respect for persons (Ruggiero, 80).He also explicated that moral ideals could be composed of various categories, such as the â€Å"cardinal virtues† of old and the theological virtues of religious thinkers. He likewise posited that moral ideals could vary from person to person, or from culture to culture (Ruggiero, 81). This is an important proposition, because the differences in moral ideals determine the differences in treatment given by each person on varying actions. Thus, one person could regard a moral ideal as more than just that, for example as an obligation that requires compliance.Applying this concept to the ethical issue of drug use, it would be concluded that the perspective could be viewed from a number of different perspectives, which also have varying moral ideals. This means that drug use could be viewed positively or negatively by different cultures or population, depending on their respective moral ideals.For example, a population of medical practitioners such as doctors would hold on to the ideal that drug use is necessary in certain cases, such as in situations of a disease or illness that could only be cured by the administration of particular drugs. On the other hand, a population consisting of the religious whose faith dictates the avoidance of drugs would hold on to the exact opposite moral ideal. Thus, an ethical decision hinges on the moral ideals to which the population concerned adhere, because such moral ideals determine the kind of ethical decision that would probably be made in any given situation.Obligations.Ruggiero also discussed the notion of obligations as a criterion for determining respect for persons. His concept of obligations refers to the element of compulsion into doing a certain act, as determined by the situation involved or the relationship between or among parties (Ruggiero, 80). He likewise explained that different kinds of situations and interpersonal relations dictate the kind of obligations that are imposed on a person.Viewing drug use in the light of Ruggiero’s concept of obligations, drug use could be ethically justified by formulating a situation such that the administration or pre scription of medicinal drugs and the corresponding use is seen as an obligation on the part of the doctor and the patient to maintain the latter’s good health and long life.Consequences.Finally, Ruggiero discussed the concept of consequences, which refer to the effects of an action on a person (Ruggiero, 81).   He states that the effects could be classified into beneficial or harmful effects, or grouped according to kind, such as whether they are physical or emotional (Ruggiero, 81).The most important aspect of Ruggiero’s discussion of the topic is his position that the benefit or harm caused by a specific act is determined by the impact of such an act on all persons involved, including the actor (Ruggiero, 81).This criterion is relevant in the issue of drug use, because ultimately, any ethical decision on this matter hinges on its effects on the user. Therefore, drug use could be ethically justified if it is shown that there are health benefits that could favor the user or his community. On the other hand, proof that drug use only leads to individual or collective harm would tilt the favor against drug use.In sum, Ruggiero’s three criteria are relevant in any discussion of the morality of drug use. These criteria provide practical knowledge with regard to the things that one should be looking at, prior to making an ethical decision.Works CitedRuggiero, Vincent Ryan. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. 6th ed.

Decadence in Death in Venice

The premise of decadence was tremendously popular in late 19th century European literature. In addition, the degeneracy of the individual and society at large was represented in numerous contemporary works by Mann. In Death in Venice, the theme of decadence caused by aestheticism appears through Gustav von Achenbach’s eccentric, specifically homoerotic, feelings towards a Polish boy named Tadzio. Although his feelings spring from a sound source, the boy’s aesthetic beauty, Aschenbach becomes decadent in how excessively zealous his feelings are, and his obsession ultimately leads to his literal and existential destruction.Thus exemplifying, as will be examined in the following, how aestheticism is closely related to, and indeed often the cause of, decadence. Although the narrative is about more complexities, the author’s use of such vivid descriptions suggest the physical, literal aspect of his writing is just as important to the meaning of the story. The first an d most obvious instance of aestheticism and decadence as correlating themes in this story is the title, Death in Venice. By shear nature the title relates the concepts of death and dying to the city of Venice, which implies that the location is where a death will occur.However, this is paralleled by the opening of the story when Mann drearily tells of Aschenbach’s stroll through Germany. â€Å"It was early May, and after several cold and clammy weeks, a mock summer had set it. The English Garden, though sprouting only tender leaves as yet, had been as muggy as in August. † In the reading of this passage it proves ironic that the title is Death in Venice as the protagonist seems to be dying in Munich: from his loss of creative ability, depletion of strength to the course of his walk ultimately leading him to a graveyard from which weakness forced him to catch a train home from.There lacks a sense of elegance with Mann’s description of aspects concerning Germany a nd a typical Aschenbach. This can be contrasted with the eloquent description given to Venice, † He saw it once more, that landing-place that takes the breath away, that amazing group of incredible structures the Republic set up to meet the awe-struck eye of the approaching seafarer: the airy splendour of the palace and Bridge of Sighs. † The obvious pleasure that Aschenbach feels as a result of the aesthetically pleasing city foreshadows how aestheticism will ultimately ead to his death and decay, important ideas within the context of decadence.This novella is a decadent meditation on the downfall of man. In an attempt to inspire his writing he decides to take a trip because he believes a change in scenery may add â€Å"those aspects of fiery and playful caprice† to his work. After arriving at his mountain cottage on an Adriatic island off the Istrian coast, he decided that the environment was â€Å"not conducive to making him feel that he had found what he was looking for. His descent into decadence begins after his arrival in Venice. Aesthetic and decadent traits are present within the context of the city – his loss of dignity for falling in love with a fourteen year old boy and subsequent degradation, also the idea that this boy prompts in Aschenbach a yearning for ideal aesthetic beauty. Immediately upon first sight, he became captivated by the boy’s aesthetically pleasing appearance, â€Å"Aschenbach was amazed to see that the boy was absolutely beautiful.His face, pale and of a graceful reserve, surrounded by honey-colored curls, with its straight nose, lovely lips, earnest expression, sweet and godly, all recalled Greek statues of the noblest era; but despite the pure and consummate form, his features exerted such a unique personal char, that the observer felt he had never encountered such perfection in nature or the arts. † Eventually his aesthetic attraction evolves to that of an emotional sort and he falls in love with him, although he at first denies this to himself, and his fixation eventually leads to his decadent demise.Therefore transitively, it could be understood that Aschenbach’s aestheticism directed him toward reckless decadence. However, as he walked down the crowded city streets scrutinizing his second destination he was repulsed. â€Å"The farther he went, the more tortured he was by the dreadful alliance of sirocco and sea air – a condition that both agitates and enervates. He sweated painfully. His eyes blurred, his chest tightened, he was feverish, the blood pounded in his temples†¦wiping his forehead, he realized he had to find a different vacation spot. This idea is a strong instance of aestheticism interacting with decadence in the sense that Venice originally represented to Aschenbach, beauty and renewal. His trip was supposed to refresh him as an author and an aging man but instead he reached a land that, although aesthetically pleasing, was dirt y, crowded, and repugnant. The last moments before Aschenbach slipped into complete decadence, his object of adoration was not enough for him to suffer for. He packed his bags and said his good-bye’s to both the boy and the city that had twice made him ill, prepared to leave.Misdirected baggage was the practical reason for his remaining in Venice but as Aschenbach gazed adoringly at his idol he admits to himself that it was Tadzio, the embodiment of youthful beauty, who had made it so difficult for him to leave. At this point in the narrative it becomes clear that quite literally Tadzio is a representative of the aesthetic muse that Aschenbach, being an artist, was searching for. From this point on he watches as Tadzio eats his meals, plays on the beach, and even goes so far as to trail his family on land and sea around Venice.While following him by way of gondola, Aschenbach addresses his aesthetic intoxication, â€Å"The adventurer felt as if his eyes were drinking in the voluptuousness, as if his ears were being wooed by such melodies; he also recalled that the city was ill, but concealing its illness out of greed, and he peered more wantonly after the gondola floating ahead of him. All that the confused man knew and desire was to keep ceaselessly pursuing the object that inflamed him. † It is interesting how in the midst of the description of Aschenbach’s therapeutic tryst, Mann shows Aschenbach’s thoughts coming back to the retched illness of Venice.This time he goes into more detail by addressing the greediness of the people, in order to not scare away tourists, to lie about the impending disease. This passage gives insight into more than just Aschenbach’s captivation by Venice but of the decadent trance he is put in by Tadzio’s exquisite appearance. It exemplifies Aschenbach’s knowledge of the danger of disease that is taking over the city but proves that he is so deeply enthralled by the beauty of Tadzio that his senses have become greedy and force him to remain in Venice at all costs, despite the dismay that will come to his physical being, to get their aesthetic fix.As disease and panic runs ramped, people flee and the city becomes emptier and emptier, Aschenbach feels relieved at the lessened chance of being caught adoring Tadzio from close and far and begins to disguise his passion less. He begins dressing extravagantly in an attempt to appear more youthful and attract the young boy. â€Å"Like any love, he wanted to please, and he was terrified that it might not be possible. He added cheerful, youthful touches to his suit, he wore jewels and used perfumes; several times a day e spent a long while getting dressed, and was adorned, excited, and anxious when he showed up for meals. Viewing the boy’s sweet, bewitching youth, he was sickened by his own aging body: the sight of his gray hair, his pinched features, mortified him, left him hopeless. He felt an urge for physica l revival and renewal; he frequented the hotel barber. † As Aschenbach changed his aesthetic appearance; donning jewels and perfumes, wearing makeup, dying his hair, he begins to recapture a youthful appearance.With his young and radiant appearance he now resembles the two men featured in earlier chapters of the novella; the stranger who had inspired a youthful craving in him in Germany, and the deplorably exuberant old man from the boat ride to Venice. Both men embody, at least in Aschenbach’s eyes, frivolous indulgence and fraudulent aesthetics. In particular, the moronic drunkard from the boat appeared to Aschenbach bizarre and obtrusive. â€Å"It was repulsive to see the state to which the dandified old man had been reduced by his sham association with youth. † However, now Aschenbach’s outlook, and appearance, has changed drastically.He is now concerned with making his own appearance more youthful and aesthetically pleasing, giving into decadence just like the foppish man he had once scorned. Thomas Mann’s particular use of detailed descriptions throughout the narrative makes obvious the literary importance of aestheticism. As the story progresses, Aschenbach becomes more and more concerned with aesthetics. The reader can see this from his original desire to a change of scenery, to his obsession with Tadzio’s appearance, and finally the changing of his own appearance. Eventually his concern with aesthetics becomes an obsession, which ultimately leads to his decadence.The change of scenery for something more aesthetically youthful and beautiful that Aschenbach had yearned for turned out to be the scene of a crowded, stifling city filled with cholera that eventually leads to his demise. Before this can occur however, he becomes internally decadent through his indulgence in Tadzio’s appearance. He then changes his appearance to please his idol which in turn corrupts himself by turning him into the type of decad ent man he once despised. These themes of aestheticism and decadence, not in juxtaposition but in duality, are used frequently by Mann throughout the novella.

A South African Investment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A South African Investment Paper - Essay Example Therefore, the interfaith centre insisted that the companies should terminate their operations and leave South Africa, unless the then South African government ended apartheid, and enhanced human rights for the minority groups. This resolution occurred when Texaco and SoCal, the owners of Caltex, were planning to expand Caltex refinery plant in Milnerto, from 58,000 barrels per day to 108,000 barrels per day. This was an expansion that would cost Caltex $135 million, and as a result increasing the country’s refining capacity by 11%, (case study 4, N.d, p.9). Benefits The management was opposed to the interfaith centre resolution, which required them to abandon their business in South Africa due to ethical matters. Expansion of the Caltex firm would be associated with several economic advantages; first, the expansion plans would add up to 20% of annual returns on the initial investment, as a result, benefiting the country economically. The Caltex management also argued that wit h the expansion of the Caltex plant, the conditions of the blacks and the minority would be improved. The companies long adopted the 1977 Dr. Leon Sullivan principles, which included: i) Equal employment opportunities for all races ii) Equal pay for employees iii) Non- discrimination of races in terms of work facilities, and social life iv) Development of training programs that would prepare all workers for jobs v) The increasing of black workers in managerial positions vi) Improving the employee’s life quality, by fostering health facilities, transportation, school, and housing facilities, (case study 4, N.d, p10). Therefore, Caltex management believed that the expansion of the plant would bear more positive outcomes and foster equality and fairness within the organization. Despite the interfaith resolution, Caltex showed its commitment in improving its worker’s conditions, when it promoted 742 black employees into the former white-held jobs; 29 black employees were a lso moved into the white-collar job category. The management also advanced the worker’s wages by raising them above average, as it believed that the expansion of Caltex plant had all the interests of all the races considered. Needless say, if Caltex withdrew its operation from South Africa, many workers, regardless their race, would be left at a disadvantage, since their jobs would cease, hence becoming difficult for them to provide for their families. Therefore, the expansion of Caltex plant would be beneficial to the workers despite their race; however, the blacks would be mainly affected, because of the difficulties they face before attaining employment opportunities. Needless to say, the presence of these foreign companies had improved the wages of black workers, and therefore Caltex expansion is beneficial. Violation of Rights and Justice The expansion of the Caltex plant was faced with numerous critics from the Interfaith Center, who claimed that it violated the rights of blacks and other minority groups by abiding to the apartheid rules. Despite the companies abiding by the

Produce a report on the marketing of a consumer product of your choice Essay

Produce a report on the marketing of a consumer product of your choice utilizing some of the techniques discussed on your course - Essay Example In fact, Nokia Smartphones have pushed the company out of losses and set it on a path of reclamation and growth (Garside, 2013). 2. Key Market Segments for Nokia Lumia and Size of Market   2.1 Customer Segments Targeted Nokia smartphones are now available for many different customer segments as shown below: Lumia 920 and Lumia 820 These phones are based on the Windows 8 platform, are 4G enabled, and target customers who can purchase higher end products and who desire latest technology and a large variety of apps (Aulakh, 2013). Lumia 720 and Lumia 520 These smartphones target the price sensitive customer segment. These are priced at low and mid-range and provide almost similar hardware as its sophisticated higher end sets. However, the services provided are lesser. The concept behind these phones is to target customers who cannot afford high end phones but who still need cell phones for net connectivity and functional utility (Spence, 2013). Nokia Lumia 700 and 800 These are the lo w range of smartphones that were initially launched to create interest and awareness among the new customers (Spence, 2013). It can therefore be observed that Nokia Smartphones cover nearly all the customer segments with the variety of products that they have in the market. 2.2 Market Size and Growth The market for the smartphones is in the stage of rapid growth as can be seen from the growth statistics for the last year. In the second quarter of the year 2012, the mobile market grew at the rate of 1% with 406.0 million units of mobiles being shipped during the quarter (IDC Press Release, 2012). However, the smartphones market grew at a much higher rate of 42.1% in 2012 with 153.9 million  units being shipped worldwide (IDC Press Release, 2012). The main competitors in the smartphone market are Samsung and Apple. These two players have captured diverse market segments ranging from low priced to high priced. Samsung focuses on a diverse strategy where it introduces smartphones for a variety of customer segments so that it covers all sections of the market. On the other hand, Apple targets only the high end customer segment with sophisticated and highly priced smartphones. Smartphones growth markets largely consist of the European countries as well as emerging economies of Asia and Latin America. There is a continuous rise in the demand of smartphones in countries like India and China which provide a huge market due to their large populations. However, in spite of the large growth and expected progression of the smartphone market, Nokia has fallen behind the two main competitors – Samsung and Apple. The reason is largely attributed to the introduction of the Microsoft Windows Phone 8 that prevented existing uses of Nokia Lumia to upgrade to the new operating system (Garside, 2013). This restriction led to a decline in the sales of the Nokia Lumia though it is expected that the upgradation will eventually happen for the existing users. Like Samsung, Noki a also follows the strategy of penetrating diverse customer segments and has developed smartphones of varying prices and sophistication. The following graph shows the BCG matrix for smartphone market and the market position of Nokia: Figure 1: BCG Matrix for Smartphone Market and Market Position of Nokia Lumia 3. Future Trends in Smart Phone Market

CULTURAL MINORITY GROUPS ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CULTURAL MINORITY GROUPS - Assignment Example tes, and language use) provide constricted measures of acculturation, the rare use of multidimensional acculturation measures and models has inhibited a more comprehensive understanding of the association between specific components of acculturation and particular health outcomes. A public health perspective that incorporates the roles of structural and cultural forces in acculturation may help identify mechanisms underlying links between acculturation and health among Latinos. BECAUSE OF ITS ORIENTATION in and emphasis on health disparities, the field of public health should pay particular attention to the impact of acculturation on the health of Latinos. Latinos are currently the largest ethnic minority group in the United States, numbering 35.3 million persons and comprising 12.5% of the country’s population.1 Although the percentage varies across the different Latino groups, more than two thirds (65.2%) of Latinos (excluding Puerto Ricans) living in the United States are foreign-born.2 This large proportion of immigrants illustrates, in part, the importance of considering acculturation in research on the health of Latinos. Although definitions vary, acculturation is broadly described as the process by which individuals adopt the attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, and behaviors of another culture.3,4 The process of acculturation presents numerous challenges and life changes that could potentially benefit or adversely affect the health of immigrants as well as subsequent US-born generations. Therefore, it is important to consider acculturation processes when studying the health of all Latinos in the United States. In the social and behavioral sciences, there is a rich theoretical literature on acculturation; however, models from this literature have not been applied to much public health research. Theoretically grounded studies of acculturation could provide effective analytic tools for current efforts to address health disparities among Latinos. Because

Multi-Agency Working and Career Development in the Human Services Essay

Multi-Agency Working and Career Development in the Human Services - Essay Example Employees’ roles in organizations dealing with the above differ significantly. However, all that is required for employees is to assist individuals and communities faced with the above challenges function in the best way possible. In a human service organization that deals with the bettering of the lives of street children and orphans such as St. Michael’s orphanage, a social worker is expected to have the ability to evaluate the different challenges that face the patients in question. He should also show patience, understanding and, care when dealing with children since they all require specific attention since their backgrounds vary, and thus, is their problems. An employee in such an organization should have the ability to identify, analyze and select interventions that are appropriate in helping the organization attain its goals and also help the patients in finding a solution to their problems. This may include social assistance, guiding and counseling as well as encouragement. It requires an understanding of the organization values and goals, ethics of the human service and also the approval of the patients’ lifestyle (Renee, 2012, 4). The worker should be in a position to come up with an action plan, for an identified problem and also implement it. This, therefore, calls for the ability and knowledge to analyze problems, decisions and design work plans (Renee, 2012, p.4). The social worker should show high accountability and coordination abilities with other agencies and professionals in the delivering of services. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills is another quality that the social worker should not lack. The job calls for self discipline, timely management and self motivation to be able to carry out his/her role effectively and efficiently. Should also be ready to attend court hearings, thus knowledge on human rights and law is an added advantage (Renee, 2012, p.4). Nonetheless, the worker is

Principles and Practices of leadership and management Essay

Principles and Practices of leadership and management - Essay Example y useless in another situation hence there is not a best leadership style among the many available styles, (Bryman, 2011; Clegg, 2006; Aitken and Higgs, 2010). This essay critically evaluates the contingency theories with the Vroom–Jago Contingency Model as the main point of argument; other theories include path-goal theory, leader substitute’s theory, the multiple linkage models, LPC contingency theory and cognitive resource theory. The leadership theories explain the connection between leadership styles and their effectiveness in given situations, (Day and Antonakis, 2012; Murugan, 2007). According to Vecchio (2007), the Vroom–Jago contingency model focuses on the variance in the degrees of leadership and brings out the level of participation through its effect on the quality of accountability and decision making in organizations. The theory argument basis on the fact that a number of situational factors contribute to the possibility of participative and autocratic approach in the leadership that leads to the best outcome. This means that, the leaders can efficiently handle the problems that require a solution and the decisions through one leader or a number of leaders. It three components including leader participation styles and a set of diagnostic questions help analyze the decision situation and decision rules, (Shafritz, and Ott, 2005; Donaldson, 2001). Further, the styles selected depends on the significance of the decision, importance of commitment, leader’s expertise, commitment, support goals, goal expertise and team competence (In Gabbay, and In Leenders, 2001). Therefore, the method is crucial in the decision making processes related to conflict resolution among others in an organization. The last preferred coworker model (LPC), on the other hand, basis on the feelings of the individuals towards their preferred coworker. De, Van, Murnighan, and Social psychology and organizations, (2011) argue that the assumption is that the feelings would

Needs Assessment for Quality Improvement Assignment

Needs Assessment for Quality Improvement - Assignment Example However, school board's authority is limited to official meetings. Before discussing the quality and need for improving it in Tulsa Public School District, it is important to see its significant strategic plan factors. "We will provide quality learning experiences for every student, every day, without exception with the essential skills needed for academic growth, lifelong learning and personal character." (Official Website) Vision of this school system is very simple and clear. "The District of Choice, by providing quality education through high expectations for ALL"; this clearly shows that the top level management of this organization strives hard and makes policies which may make this school as everyone's only choice in the coming future. School makes appropriate policies to achieve its above stated vision for the future in order to gain a distinct advantage over its competitive forces. Each school community will demonstrate exceptional parent/guardian involvement and support through 100% membership in its parent/guardian association, and the District will triple its Partner-In-Education agreement with community, businesses, institutions, organizations and agencies. For Tulsa Public School District, values govern th... Each school will have 100% membership in its parent/guardian association, and the district will have 1,350 Partners-In-Education agreements. Each school community will demonstrate exceptional parent/guardian involvement and support through 100% membership in its parent/guardian association, and the District will triple its Partner-In-Education agreement with community, businesses, institutions, organizations and agencies. All employees will be highly qualified and choose to work for TPS. All employees will be highly qualified in their positions and CHOOSE to remain with Tulsa Public Schools. TPS will win the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. These above stated goals have been defined by the top level management i.e. board members of the school system to successfully address their vision of 2010. Strategic Objectives: Build a connected learning community& broaden productive partnerships, services, & student outreach in order to meet the needs of existing & incoming students Integrate key learning programs across curriculum Empower & affirm staff as they provide dedicated service & enhance teaching & learning opportunities for the 21st century student Maintain & deploy quality management system, campus upgrades, safety requirements & aligned structure Develop new or expanded funding opportunities, including endowments, in order to meet fiscal responsibilities and budget goals Values: For Tulsa Public School District, values govern the function of its dealing and its demeanor or associations with Oklahoma's society at great level, internal and external customers, employees, local community and other stakeholders. Management by Fact: "within a

Managing People And Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People And Organisation - Essay Example The formation of a group is an effective and slow process. In a group all people are associated with each other. According to Bruce Tuckman, there are five phases in formation of a group. They are as follows: Forming Forming is the preliminary phase where group comes as one and the members start to build up bonding with each other. In this phase the members find out what the organisation expects from the group. This phase is the first step towards developing the group. The members develop trust and set up limits on tolerable activities by experimentation. In case of any misconduct, the reaction of the group members decides if the conduct will be repeated in future or not. In this phase, the job of the members is allotted. Storming The second phase is called storming. In this phase the interpersonal disagreement takes place. In case the group is not capable to form the objectives and goals or the members differ on mutual objectives it can cause collision in the entire group. Thus, for a group to be successful the members must develop a common and precise objective and work towards it. A conversation is useful to reach a mutual agreement where everyone can freely share their views. Norming The third phase of group formation is norming where the members can successfully work out the disagreement. In this phase, it is important to judge about how to accomplish the objectives. Everyone becomes clear about their roles and assigned tasks expected from them. By formal and informal process the roles of members can be assigned. The course of action by which group will perform for fulfilling the objectives are decided. In this phase, the members can realise the operation of the group (Institute for Extended Learning, 2009). Performing In the phase of performing, the roles, expectations and customs are not significant. The group formation is complete in this phase after resolving the inside disagreements of recognition and allotment of tasks and initiating responsibilities. Members provide their full effort to accomplish the group objectives (Management Consulting Courses, n.d.). Adjourning Adjourning is the final stage of group development. In the year 1977, Bruce Tuckman had f urther improved the group formation phase and included the ‘Adjourning’ phase. In this stage, the group members begin to gradually disband the group as the objectives are completed. They identify their tasks in the group and move ahead (Funch, 2007). Forming Of Group in FOODCO FOODCO is known as one of the biggest food service distributor corporations of the USA. FOODCO had developed six project groups for dealing with business issues that was important for ELI (Executive Leadership Institute). There were 4–5 members to each project group ensuring at least one member has proficiency which is related to the topic under examination. The project was designed in such a way that it permitted group members to perform momentarily during each period of the project management. FOODCO had allocated a senior supporter to the group who helped in the project. The supporters are the company executives who have good curiosity in watching the success of the group and were ready to assist with the necessary resources, resolve organisational difficulties and offer supervision on how to advance and accomplish the group objective. The groups were given order to get in touch with the senior supporters when needed during the project phase. A survey had been conducted in each time phase to reach a conclusion (Furst, 2004). Fig 1: FOODCO Groups and Objectives Group Objectives of the Group 1 To develop an integration strategy for acquirement 2 To determine the method of efficient transfer of information technology from one ancillary firm to other firm 3 To determine the way to

My Sisters Keeper Essay Example for Free

My Sisters Keeper Essay My Sister’s Keeper is a movie about a young girl named Anna (Abigail Breslin) whose life was brought to be for a very important purpose. She was born into a loving family with two adoring parents that made the decision to have another child in the hopes of saving the life of older their daughter that has leukemia. Throughout the entire movie the family and therefore the audience is presented with love, laughter and many emotional moral issues. Just like in real life there are many ups and downs and obstacles to be overcome. Some of moral dilemmas the characters face include stem cell research, at what age can children start making life changing decisions life for themselves and euthanasia to an extent. Wikipedia defines stem cell controversy as â€Å"the ethical debate primarily concerning the creation, treatment, and destruction of human embryos incident to research involving embryonic stem cells†1. In this movie the creation of the human embryo was done by the parents and done so in the natural way. Although created from love, the results were still the same. From the time Anna was born she had gone through numerous and painful surgeries. In my opinion the surgeries were justified lifesaving and miraculous surgeries that provided the entire family with memories they can all cherish after Kate’s- Anna’s older sister (Sofia Vassilleva) passing. However as Kate got older and developed her own voice additional and perhaps unseen problems emerged. She was screaming to be heard about how she felt about the decisions made about her life and was being ignored. So she decided that Anna was old enough and strong enough to fight for her rights regardless of her age. The subject of what age a children can start making life altering choices fall upon two of the characters in this movie. We, the audience are lead to believe that Anna whom is eleven has decided that’s enough is enough- as she exclaims to an attorney that she’s trying to hire â€Å"I want to sue my parents for the right to my own body.† As the attorney, played by Alec Baldin read her medical history we get the sense that this all has gone too far. Something that was meant to be miraculous has somehow turned into something almost tortious and something that no parent in their right mind would put their child through. So therein lies the main debate of the move, Is Anna old enough and wise enough to make decisions about her own life and body. However later we discover it isn’t Anna who is seeking her independents, it’s her sister Kate. At 15, Kate has also spent the majority of her life in and out of surgery, as well as watching her family hurt from the pain that she’s experiencing. So she’s the one who is struggling to be heard since her parents are the ones able to make medical decisions for her and her sister. Kate has convinced her little sister Anna to no longer agree to any more surgeries to help prolong her life. This to many, including her mother (Cameron Diaz) is a form of suicide. There is such a fine line separating suicide from not accepting medical assistants to save your life. After my own life experiences I would have to agree that Kate has the right to choose when her life ends. I could only imagine, as we all could ONLY imagine not having been in that situation. I don’t honestly believe one would know how they would react until in that position themselves. There seem to be countless things to consider when considering ending your life. Mainly I would think it would be the loved ones you’re leaving behind. They will be the ones left her to face the pain of losing the person they love. In this movie the person that seems to struggle the most with the idea of loss is the person that seemed to fight the hardest, Sara, the mother. Thankfully they offer a light at the end of the tunnel. Although Kate is no longer alive her spirit seems to live. There is a new found sparkle that develops in her families eyes after time is allowed to heal some of their wounds. Leading the audience to believe that perhaps there is a peace that is brought when the suffering ends. This movie was nothing less than an emotional rollercoaster that left my mind spinning with questions for myself many hours after watching it. Although many people in class that felt a lot of anger towards the mother in the film, again I go back to no one would really know what they’d do until in that position. She was faced with an issue and dealt with it the best and only way she knew how- her way. In my opinion morality and ethics seem to come down to a lot of judgments and theories on what we’d do if that situation happened to us. As I’ve gotten older and with what I’ve experienced I believe that besides myself I only have one person to answer to and that’s my Lord and Savior and on the day I have to answer for what I’ve done, I truly believe if it was done with Him in my heart then I’ll have given the right answers.

Merging Of Old And New Architecture

Merging Of Old And New Architecture Human population growth in our planet has increased in a whirlwind over the past few decades. The on-going increase of the world population nowadays leads to greater demand of providing built environment for the people. On the other hand, although the population is growing, the earth is not. People will have to build more in a land that stay constantly the same. The fast changes of built environment have become one of the results. In Singapore, fast changes of environmental surrounding have now become so common that people might perceive it as a habit and pattern of life. People might live in one area for just couple of months and suddenly their environment is no longer the same. New buildings are added, some are being destroyed and replaced. The main reason is because of the minimum land area they have, that must runs concurrently with the population increase. To meet the demand of peoples need that is constantly changing and increasing, the built environment is adapting in a fast pace also. Living in a condition that is continuously changing has left a certain bad impact of ones life. A lot of Singaporeans, especially the young generations have no glimpse of what happened in the past. They are growing up in this modern environment, with the expectation of an endless changing. Not knowing the past means that we are heading our way to a future without knowing our own history and culture, leaving behind all of what our ancestors had given. While others are able to trace back their root and heritage, we cant. Others are able to learn from their own history, we cant. This is also creating a boredom, to only look forward and waiting for something new. Whereby our surrounding needs to be altered according to peoples need, we also have a call to start learning to know our history and originality. One of the solutions to this problem may be just a simple act that has been forgotten by most architects. We still can have both the originality of the buildings with the combination of new function to be added on, adjusting peoples need that is constantly changing. Fast changes built environment as the result of the increase population and peoples needs have caused individuals not to know their past. By merging the old and new architecture, people will have a glimpse on their history while still having their needs fulfilled. The essay will be studying how the old and contemporary architects have done the merging of the two. II. The Future of The Past The issue of Singaporean Young Generation to grow up without knowing their own culture and heritage. 1. Fast Changes of Built Environment in Singapore Data from the construction sector in Singapore has shown a rapid growth since the past few decades. The development of construction sector in Singapore since 1982 to 1992 is 12.5 percent while since 1992 to 1998 the growth expanded to 15.9 percent. Until the year 1990, there is 6,813,376m2 floor area of new establishments completed. Moreover, up till the year of 2010 the growth has increased from 15.9 percent to 20.3 percent. (Building Construction Authority, 2010) One aspect that is causing this rapid growth of built construction sector is the increase of peoples population. Data from Singapore Statistics (Singapore Statistics, 2010) shows that in 2010 the number of population reaches 5,076,7000 people, while in 1980 the population is only 2,413,900 people. From the data above, it is shown that increase of population runs concurrently with the construction sector. We can analysed that due to the expansion of Singapore population, the necessities of people is growing as well. This issue will then leads to the obligation of government to build more in order to fulfil peoples needs. 2. Fast Changes Built Environment in Singapore Leading Towards The Unknowing of The Past MM Lee Kuan Yew once stated in his speech at the inaugural Future China Global Forum Meeting on Wednesday, July 17th 2010, that Singaporeans are ignorant. (Temasek Review, 2010). One of the biggest issues of ignorance in Singapore is where the young generations not aware of what happened in the past. What if it is not the case that they are intentionally ignoring what had happened in the past? What if it occurs because of no traces left from the past as the result of fast changes in their living environment? B. Lessons from The Past 1. History Value of The Past By recognising our own history, we do not only know what had happened in the past but also learn from it. Peter N. Stearns (Historians, 2008) , once said that history puts human experience in a situation whereby it allows us to understand ourselves as a people and a culture. It gives us a reference to consider the possible future ahead of us. For examples, journals, newspapers and other religious books become more relevant to know what is going on in that time period. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. (Santayana, 2005) on the other hand, with no doubt, knowing the past means also that we are aware of the mistakes done back then. It helps us understand past triumphs and tragedies, and gives us the tools to try and succeed where others have failed. It will be functioned as a guideline to illustrate our future in order to lead a better life in the future where we will not go down to the same hole again. 2. Memories How We Recall The Past Many very different things happen when we remember (Wittgenstein, 1974, pp. 181). Memories are another beauty depicting the past. How we recall and store every scene in the past is by memories. What has gone in the past shall live in our memories forever. We might forget the past without memories, and moreover the things that we cant let go of might stay forever in our mind even though they are actually gone. Memories play a certain roles in recalling the past. C. Architecture in The Past versus New Architecture Characteristics of Old Architecture The study of traditional architecture proved that in general there are recognisable patterns and forms in variety settings and variety purposes. Old buildings are usually designed by classification or by typological approach. Each type had certain characteristic that differentiates from others, and this will often be repeated in the design. For the spaces inside, they are typically designed as a solid body. They are always been rooms and solid spaces as to part one space from another. As for the functional purposes of old architecture How Traditional Architecture Different from Contemporary Architecture 2.1 Development of The Functions Contemporary architecture has developed rapidly, adjusting to human needs that are constantly changing. The main thing that differs traditional and contemporary architecture is the development of the functions. One of the examples is the establishment of department store in 1838. The increase of peoples possession on goods and daily needs is the main reason of the founding of department store, whereby people will be able to buy all kinds of their needs in one area. At the old time, all shops were standing alone; people will have to venture to one shop to another to get all their needs. Le Bon Marchà © Paris, France 1850 2.2 Development of The Forms Moreover, it is the characteristic of old building that is abandoned by new architecture. Repetitive forms are now used in a very little manner, while new forms are being introduced more. (will be explained more in the next semester) Le Bon Marchà © Paris, Shinsegae Centum City Busan, France (1850) South Korea (2010) D. Historical Approach The method of merging old and new architecture in the past The scheme of combining old and new architecture is not a completely new approach, whereby it has been done in the past. 1. John Ruskin 1.1 The Sixth Lamp of Architecture Lamp of Memory John Ruskin was an English art critic and theorist. He wrote an extended essay about principle in architecture, The Seven Lamps of Architecture. At the sixth point of his essay, The Memory, Ruskins clearly stated that there are two duties respecting national architecture; the first is to represent the architecture of the day and the second is to preserve, what is the most precious of inheritances from the past ages. (Ruskin, 1849) What Ruskin means by Memory is that architecture should have some regards to the culture and time where it has developed. Every building has its own beauty regarding its time being. Ruskin (2008, pp. 4-5) believed that every building especially domestic and residential building have some emotional aspect towards owner and space users. There are certain elements inside that cannot be renewed or replaced. 1.2 Restoration as a Form of Lie Even more, according to Ruskin (2008, pp. 15) restoration is a form of lie. We may make the same skeleton of the old building, or even portraying the exact same interior of the old. But still, the old building is destroyed, there will be no more emotional connection with people, whereby what they really connected with has gone, even after being replaced with something that is exactly the same. It will be better to have a robustly built structure that is strong enough to stand for quite sometimes, rather than having a building that is only last for a generation. Moreover, it is the nature of a building to have much longer life span than man. So why should we build one that requires changes after only short times, where actually it can be strongly remained? 2. Eugà ¨ne Viollet- le-Duc 2.1 Restorations of Medieval Buildings Different from Ruskin, Viollet- le-Duc was well known for his restorations projects of medieval buildings. When Ruskin strongly argued that restoration is a lie, Viollet- le-Duc has his own view on restorations projects. Restorations on medieval buildings appeared in France in the early 1830s, whereby there was a concern on medieval buildings that were slowly destructed as time goes by. Viollet- le-Duc was then firstly commissioned to restore Cathedral of Narbonne in 1839. As an architect and theorist, Viollet- le-Duc (Viollet- le-Duc, as cited in Levine, 2009, pp. 152) argued that what was lacking in the restoration field is the truth. A lot of French architects were making imitations objects, whereby the restorations were all look exactly the same with the old building before it destroyed. Viollet- le-Duc, aligned with Ruskins view about restoration as a form of lie, also believed that by imitating what has been there in the old buildings before and just directly made a newer version of it will bring no truth to the whole point of restorations. Restoration will be seen just to renew and renew the buildings whereby actually the originality of the buildings will be keep lacking. Viollet- le-Duc (Levine, 2009, pp. 154) then introduced a method of restoring with achieving something new and valid. He took what is the most important element in the old building; still using it but with the combination of creative modification. He pushed restorations to be beyond the limit and therefore leads to the era of Modernism. 2.2 Theory of Hut (Viollet- le-Duc Theory of Hut about taking the original elements of the old building and convert them into something new will be covered in the next semester) E. The Values of Merging Old and New Architecture 1. Unconventional twist created by merging old and new architecture Having both the originality of spaces with the new function will surely bring new sensation of the interior spaces (Conran, as cited in Niesewand, 1998, pp. 01) Imagine a sitting room with a church high ceiling, a workspace with the sunray glazes on the floor of a seaside house. We can get both the new function without sacrificing the beauty of old. The necessity of people is fulfilled, but now in a different unique ways. This will affect people in various ways: Fulfilment of necessity achieved in old environment, whereby in contradiction it is something new for people. People will perceive the old as a new thing as the function is now changing. Unconsciously, the space users will be in two different periods of time in a same place. This will provide the people some feelings of always being in different places all the time. Somehow, this is actually a benefit for people, especially Singaporean to be able to have two sensations in their spaces. Singaporean with the habit of living in small space due to land constraint will now be able to widen their view, although still being in the small space. 2. Transitional Spaces Between The Old and New Transitional spaces in architecture are commonly known as the connector of interior and exterior of the building. The use of transitional space is as a comfort zone as well as buffer spaces where people are allowed to adjust their selves before going to the different area. According to the definition of transitional spaces (UCL, 2005), it is articulated as a cross point where it connects the two. In the field of merging old and new architecture, these transitional spaces are now functioned not as the connector of outdoor and indoor, but between the old and new. It can be a space between the interior and exterior, between the exteriors or between interiors as long as it is a linkage from the old to the new. (Case studies of transitional spaces in between old and new buildings will be covered next semester) 3. Economically sizeable market With no doubt, reusing an existing building will bring a great economic advantage. Compared to build a new fabric, using an old building will only takes 50% to 70% construction works and therefore is less time consuming as well. (Cramer, 2007, pp.9) Moreover, demolition of old building nowadays is being perceived as an ecological waste. New building means taking more of the natural resources as material sources. Why would we want to take more from earth if we still could do alteration of existing building structure? It is wiser for us to provide more natural resources for the next generation rather than using them to the maximum limit now. Moreover, for the space users themselves, it is another economic advantage to utilise a readymade building than building a new one. The cost will definitely be higher to build a new structure than to reuse the old. 4. Challenging The Creativity of Designers Designers nowadays have been so caught up with the thought that creativity is to be explored to the highest point, whereby to create something in the existing building is a restriction of creativity. (Cramer, 2007, pp.9) On the other hand, in the practice, it is actually a greater chance for designers and architects to explore their potential and creativity in the field of designing with old establishment. While designing the new structure, there is no constraint and rules that will bind the designer. Designers will have to explore and put more thoughts when it comes to old buildings. There are a lot of sources inside the old that designers will have to incorporate with their new design features. This will require more creativity from the designers. F. The ways of merging the old and new 1. Converted Architecture new use for old buildings Lukas Feiress (Feiress, 2009, pp. 03) stated that we have to locate the present between the past and the future. In the present state, we cannot deny what has happened in the past, but still we need to look forward to the future. Converted architecture is a term of changing the use or function of an original building, especially the old and abandoned. Terence Conran, (Conran, as cited in Niesewand, 1988, pp.06) once said, How we use space and particularly how we live in it, requires a complex balancing act between practical limitations, individual requirements and personal preferences. Requirements of individual needs and personal preferences are a key to converted architecture. Some people may choose triple volume height open space for living while others may not. Than maybe an old school or old church is more suitable for them. To convert an old building means that we are maximising the use of what is already there with some adjustments of new functions. We might want to retain the old structure or forms of the existing skin with adding a new function on to it. The essay will gives examples that some of the greatest contemporary architecture projects are actually done with the engagement of existing building structures. There are two approaches of how the old and new come together as a whole: Blend In The new addition of function is blending in with the existing old fabric. They are now look similar and smoothly integrated. Various elements are used to bind the old and new together. It could be in terms of material, colours, or design of new structure that follows the old. Peoples view is being blurred, as they may perceive the new as the old or vice versa. Blend in could be use as the guideline to design the transitional spaces between the two. Neues Museum, Berlin Germany David Chipperfield (Case studies of Neues museum, Berlin by David Chipperfield as to bring the old and new as a whole whereby the new blended in with the old by the use of colour and material will be explored more in the next semester) Contrast The new function is intentionally designed in contrast with the old building. By treating it this way, space users will subconsciously feel as if theyre in two places in the same time. Museum of Sydney Australia 1983 Firstly built for the governors house on 1788, rebuilt for the Museum of Sydney on 1983 (further explained in next semester about how the architect is successful in contrasting the new element but still harmonious with the old) Different types of building conversion to create contrast: Add On Indicating the potentials of adding on a new structure to the existing building. There are no changes at all of the old building. New spaces being laid and extended onto existing fabric. The example shows that existing architecture and new structure form unexpectedly imaginative balance although with two different elements. House at St Kevins Road by Odos Architects Inside-Out Exploring the interior space of the old building. The original appearance of the existing site remains unchanged, but concentrating on the interior spaces. This type of converting is in line with conservation procedure to maintain the exterior of a historic building. Selexyz Dominicanen Bookstore Netherland (former church turned to bookstore) Change Clothes The opposite of Inside-Out, whereby the approach is now to completely change the exterior faà §ade of old building. New shell is now put to replace the existing fabric. This scheme of converting can be done for many old buildings that had gone through massive destruction of the exterior through ages and other for the optimisation of buildings shell. Bunny Lane by Adam Kalkin (former factory turned to a house) (All of the case studies will be furthered explained in the next semester) 2. Types of building to be converted It is not necessarily to be a historical building to be converted, but any old and abandoned structure. The main reason of merging the old and new architecture together is for people, especially young generation, to get to know their own culture and how life back there was like. Ruskin (Ruskin, as cited in Cramer, 2007, pp.15) said that The aesthetic value of something was closely linked to its age, and this aesthetic value should not be impaired by modern intervention. John Ruskin has stated that every building have their own beauty, their own ability to tell story about their own time being. It is not only the historical buildings that are able to tell us what happened in the past, but any other old buildings also. Potential types of buildings to be converted 2.1 Ecclesiastical building A lot of ecclesiastical buildings are vacant nowadays. The most common reason is because of the need to have more spacious assembly space. It leads to create a single larger unit meeting space from combining two or three churches together and left other buildings empty. The value of a churchlike building is that they are spacious and tall enough to accommodate a lot of spaces. They are suitable for living or gathering spaces that require more time inside the space such as cafà © or restaurant. Larger spaces inside the church will allow people to feel more comfortable where they have to stay in quite long time. White Rabbit Restaurant Dempsey Hill Singapore (Former old chapel building) 2.2 Municipal building Municipal buildings are places that are own by government, they have high position in local community such as police station, government hospital or schools. These buildings are usually built near to the main road or access area. They are highly accessible and this also becomes the value of municipal buildings. They are suitable for commercial places such as retail or hospitality, as usually located at the heartland of a city. Fullerton Hotel- Singapore (Former General Post Office building) 2.3 Commercial building Old commercial building, especially in Singapore, such as the old shop houses are more likely to become vacant as the result of changes in working patterns. There are now trends to group all commercial spaces together in business or urban areas, such as the grouping of shopping areas along Orchard Road along the way to Marina. The value of old commercial space is that they are tent not to have much decoration. They are often monotonous; all look the same and therefore allowed more new adjustments to be made. House at No. 12 Kong Seen Road Singapore by Richard Ho (former shop house building) 2.4 Industrial and Offices Industrial and offices are designed to be practical and useful rather than beautiful. Creativity of designers is challenged the most in converting industrial spaces and offices. It is the nature of industrial buildings to be ignored by passers by and it is the designers job to transform them into much more attractive with still retaining some parts of them. The value of this kind of buildings is they are usually very practical in the adjacency of spaces inside. Spaces work perfectly for the benefit of the users. (case study will be explained in the next semester) G. How will the space users cope with the new way of experiencing spaces based on the psychological effects from the above studies? The obstacles that people may face in coping with two elements at once. Will they get used to the changing of spaces inside? The adjustments by the space users and the design as well. (Will be explored in the next semester)

Ted Bundy: The Mind of a Killer Essay -- Psychology

Ted Bundy was an American born rapist, a necrophile; a serial killer and a kidnapper who assaulted and murdered several young women during the 1970’s. The criminal kept on denying the charges for more than ten years and later confessed of having committed the thirty homicide crimes in seven different states before his execution (Rule, 2009). Bundy’s handsome and charismatic appearance made it possible for him to easily win the confidence of young women who were always his targets. He broke into the dwellings of his victims at night and bludgeoned them as they slept. He also approached young women in public places where he impersonated as an authority figure or feigned injury on his victim before empowering and assaulting at a more secluded area where he left them dead (Rule, 2009). Upon execution of his criminal acts, Bundy often visited the secondary scene of crime where he performed sexual acts with the decomposing bodies of the victims until destruction by wild animals or decomposition made further interaction with the bodies impossible. In addition to these criminal acts, Bundy decapitated heads of some of his victims and kept their heads in his residence for a period of time as mementos (Rule, 2009). The cases involving Bundy and his victims are cases of murder, rape, necrophile and kidnapping. These are capital offences that were well planned and executed by the perpetuator who made subsequent follow-ups of his criminal acts by visiting the secondary scene of crime. Description of offender’s psychological history and functioning at the time of the offence is based on statistical approach which involves the analysis of behavioural and other relevant information found at the scene of crime in order to infer ... ...ical and physical satisfaction from the acts. Understanding of psychological theories helps criminologists to design appropriate correctional strategies to mitigate crime. Works Cited Eysenck, H.J., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1989). The causes and cures of criminality. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 575-577. Freud, S. (1961). The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth. Henry, S., & Charles, M. (1982). Social Learning Theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 3 (4), 55-62. Rule, A. (Ed). (2009). The Stranger Beside Me. New York: Pocket Books. Winfree, T., & Abadinsky, H. (2nd Ed.). (2003). Understanding Crime: Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth publishers. Woodhams, J., & Toye, K. (2007). Empirical Tests of Assumption of Case Linkages & Offender’s profiling with Commercial Robbery. Psychology, Law & Public Policy, 13 (1), 58-84.

Raising Children in Live, Love and Dance by D.H. Lawrence :: essays research papers

People make the statement that they are living life to the fullest but what do they really mean? D.H. Lawrence states that life is magnificent during the here and now. He also infers that our flesh is ours but not forever and we should enjoy it with emotional and spiritual ecstasy. While all of this is true, one should take responsibilities very seriously in rearing children, tend to their physical state to insure health and still take time to stop and smell the flowers. Although child rearing can bring about a dance it also requires serious responsibility. Most children will move and wiggle to any rhythm. They live for a pattern and enjoyment and it is the parent’s duty to give them both. Kids of all ages need guidance of a parent for school studies, relationships and the ways of the world. At the same time a parent is fulfilling their obligations they must take time to play dress up, throw the baseball, bake cookies and enjoy the time they have with their children. Just as nature grows so do children and in a flash they are ready to leave the nest to embark on their own lives. In addition to rearing responsibilities one should care for their physical being also. Mr. Lawrence voices that our flesh is ours but only for a time and he is correct. Humans are not immortal and just as a flower wilts and dies so do they. Many people invest in money, property and items of monetary value when they should invest in their bodies. Protecting the skin from the sun, not smoking, not drinking and eating properly are all ways of extending the physical well being of one’s life. After all, a dance is not as sweet and taking pleasure in the world is not as fulfilling if sickness interferes. In addition to health, children and all the to-do’s in life it is important to sit back and take in one’s surroundings. People in today’s world live for their employment and never take in the natural beauties that surround them. Pondering on the wonders of the world such as the beautiful sun that rises and sets softens the soul. Enjoying a long walk on the beach with a gentle breeze crossing a cheek and the soft touch of the sand on one’s feet should be a mandatory requirement of life.

Newspaper Report on a Town :: Papers

Newspaper Report on a Town I am going to write a newspaper article about my town, it is called Luton. It is thirty miles north of London. And has a population of around 187000 people. Its main features are the airport, which is currently being extended and the Vauxhall factory. The area, which I live in, is called Wigmore. It is on the very edge of the town and backs onto the countryside. There are a number of small villages beyond Wigmore, Tea Green, which has a small golf course, and Cockernhoe, which has a small junior school. They both have very few houses, as well as a church and of course a pub. All of the houses down my road are either four or three bed-roomed houses. They all have front and back gardens as well as a park. This is a good feature as it allows children to play in the comfort of their own road; this is very reassuring for parents. If you go out of my road there is a main road, which if you follow will either take you to Wigmore Valley Park, which is an enormous playing field that sits directly next to the airport. It is used mainly in the summer where you would have families with picnics, fun and games and people walking their dogs. If you go the other way you will be taken to the local supermarket, ASDA. Which is the second busiest attraction in my area, next to the airport. The supermarket consists of everything you could think of from designer clothes, ready cooked food as well as your every day shopping. It also has a music and video store which has a number of top of the chart products as well as a large archive of old music and videos. And all of this at exceptionally low prices. If you go slightly further than ASDA then you will reach Ashcroft area, this is where my School is. My school is an I.T communications college which means that its main interest is I.

Taxation Fte

8/3/2011 The  Economics  of  Taxation Lecture  11:  Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach International  Accounting International Accounting and Taxation Master  of Science  (MSc) University  of Liechtenstein,  Vaduz Dr. Tanja  Kirn D T j Ki Chair for Tax  Management  and the Laws  of International  and Liechtenstein  Taxation Institute  for Financial  Services University  of Liechtenstein,  Vaduz The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Exercise Suppose  Lucent  Technologies  has  an  equity  cost  of  capital  of  10%,  market   capitalization  of  $10.   billion,  and  an  enterprise  value  of  $14. 4  billion. Suppose   p $ , p $ pp Lucent’s  debt  cost  of  capital  is  6. 1%  and  its  marginal  tax  rate  is  35%. a. What  is  Lucent’s  WACC? b. If  Lucent  maintain s  a  constant  debt? equity  ratio,  what  is  the  value  of  a  project  with   average  risk  and  the  following  expected  free  cash  flows? c. If  Lucent  maintains  its  debt? equity  ratio,  what  is  the  debt  capacity  of  the  project  in   part  (b)? part (b)? d. What  is  the  free  cash  flow  to  equity  for  this  project? e. What  is  its  NPV  computed  using  the  FTE  method? How  does  it  compare  with  the   NPV  based  on  the  WACC  method?  ©Ã‚  2011  Dr. Tanja  Kirn  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ University  of  Liechtenstein  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Vaduz 2 1 8/3/2011 The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Exercise In  year  1,  AMC  will  earn  $2000  before  interest  and  taxes. The  market  expects  these   earnings  to  grow  at  a  rate  of  3%  per  year. The  firm  will  make  no  net  investments  (i. e. ,   g g %p y ( , capital  expenditures  will  equal  depreciation)  or  changes  to  net  working  capital. Assume  that  the  corporate  tax  rate  equals  40%. Right  now,  the  firm  has  $5000  in  risk? free  debt. It  plans  to  keep  a  constant  ratio  of  debt  to  equity  every  year,  so  that  on   average  the  debt  will  also  grow  by  3%  per  year. Suppose  the  risk? free  rate  equals  5%,   and  the  expected  return  on  the  market  equals  11%. The  asset  beta  for  this  industry  is   1. 11.  ©Ã‚  2011  Dr. Tanja  Kirn  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ University  of  Liechtenstein  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Vaduz 3 The  Economics  of  Taxation Taxation  and  Business  Valuation:  FTE  approach Questions a. If  AMC  were  an  all? equity  (unlevered)  firm,  what  would  its  market  value  be? b. Assuming  the  debt  is  fairly  priced,  what  is  the  amount  of  interest  AMC  will  pay  next  year? If  AMC’s   debt  is  expected  to  grow  by  3%  per  year,  at  what  rate  are  its  interest  payments  expected  to  grow? c. Even  though  AMC’s  debt  is  riskless  (the  firm  will  not  default),  the  future  growth  of  AMC’s  debt  is   uncertain,  so  the  exact  amount  of  the  future  interest  payments  is  risky. Assuming  the  future  interest

Production and Operation Managemne, Case of Mcdonald

This paper aims at examining the use of teams in production and operations management. Boone and Kurtz (2011) reported that ’’the purpose of production and operations management is to oversee the application of people and machinery in converting materials into finished goods and services’’ (p. 356). Dr. Deming has developed fourteen principles for production and operations management, originally presented in Out of the Crisis, that serve as management guidelines. Organizations that follow that guideline should have more efficient workplace, higher profits, and increased productivity. According to Zupanc ( 2007) ,Dr. Deming’s principles are: Create constancy of purpose, Adopt the new philosophy, cease inspection and require evidence,End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag, Improve constantly and forever the system and of production and service , Institute training on the job , Institute leadership , Drive out fear , Break down barriers between departments , Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force , Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor , Remove barriers to pride of workmanship , Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement, Everyone must undergo transformation continuously and indefinitely. (Total Quality Management, para. 5). This paper will focus on Dr. Deming 9th principle. He has advised his client to:’’ break down barriers between departments and staff area’’. In other words, he is encouraging organizations to use team work in production and operations management. It is very important for a company to use team work. Most organizations divide themselves to several departments so that work would end faster upon splitting up and distributing to several departments. This takes the organization to better management in quality and also other profit with better planning. Thesis Statement: In discussing the use of team work in production and operation management, we shall start by describing a major global corporation ( McDonald) , next we shall describe its production or operations management, then we will describe and evaluate the company’s use of teams in production and operations management, and finally we will analyze and evaluate the company’s ability to adjust to a major economic, environmental, or natural crisis (such as the real estate crash, financial crisis, nuclear meltdown, hurricane, flood, oil spill, etc. and communicate effectively with their employees and customers about issues caused by the crisis 1. Describe a major global corporation: (1) a leading manufacturer or (2) a major retail or restaurant business. Describe the type of business, market share, financials, size, and global presence. McDonald's is the world's # 1 fast-food company by sales, with more than 32,500 restaurants serving burgers and fries in 117 countries. (McDonald Corporation , 2009). Svoboda (2007) argued that, in 1991, McDonald owned $13 billion of the $93 billion fast food industry. The popular chain is well-known for its Big Macs, Quarter Pounders, and Chicken McNuggets. Most of the outlets are free-standing units offering dine-in and drive-through service, but McDonald's also has many eateries located in airports, retail areas, and other high-traffic locations. About 80% of the restaurants are run by franchisees or affiliates (p. 1). The sales increased by 5% in 2010, Operating income grew by 9% and the company is continuing to gain market share around the world. In addition, McDonald has returned $5. 1 billion to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends paid, and has provided a 27% return to investors for the year, ranking it third among the companies comprising the Dow Jones Industrial Average (McDonald, 2011). 2. Describe the company’s production or operations management. Operations management can be defined as the planning, scheduling, and control of the activities that transform inputs into finished goods and services (Sloan School of management, 2009). Production and operation managers oversee the work of people and machinery to convert inputs into finished goods and services. Boone and Kurtz (2011) argued that operation managers execute four majors task, first they plan the overall production process, next they determine the best layout for the firm facilities, then they implement the production plan, and finally they control the manufacturing process to maintain the highest possible quality( p . 365). The following paragraphs will have a look at how McDonald executes those four major operation management tasks. PRODUCT PLANNING: Production planning begins by choosing what goods or services to offer to customers. The main operation In McDonald’s Restaurants is product planning. In order to meet the needs of the customers, that are constantly changing, McDonald has to keep on adding new products to its menu. For instance, the increasing preference of consumers towards healthy food made the restaurant add healthier food items to its menu. Similarly it has to add new products for different seasons, for examples hot coffee in winter and milkshakes in summer. LAYOUT DESIGN: Boone and Kurtz (2011) believed that an efficient facility layout can reduce material handling, decrease cost, and improve product flow through facility layout (p. 366). In McDonalds Restaurant layout designing is a very important operation. A proper layout of the equipment in the kitchen is very essential to ensure preparation of quality food in less time. It also designs its layout keeping in mind the health and safety issues. McDonald layoutis design in such a way that needs of supervision is minimised. McDonalds also sets its premises in proper manner to handle any number of customers easily. The building design is standard worldwide but it may be havesome difference in size or in exterior according to the location. It enables them tosave time, satisfy their customers, comfortable environment for both employees and customers. McDonalds uses the same interior pattern as it’s used internationally. Itmay vary according to the premises size (Gondal, 2008, p. 8). IMPLEMENTING THE PRODUCTION PLAN: After planning the production process and determining the best layout. Organization starts implementing the production plan. According to Boone and Kurtz (2011), this activity involves; selecting the best suppliers, and controlling inventor (p. 367). Selecting best suppliers: When an organization has decided what input to purchase, it must choose the best vendors for it needs. Their choice of a vendor will be based on the quality, the price, the delivery, and the services offered. The McDonald’s supply chain is a complex web of direct and indirect suppliers. It manages this complex system by working with direct suppliers who share their values and their vision for sustainable supply. McDonald holds them to clear standards for quality, safety, efficiency and sustainability (McDonald, 2010). It expects them to extend those requirements to their suppliers. McDonald also partner with them to identify, understand and address industry-wide sustainability challenges and achieve continuous improvement. Svoboda (2007) argued that, McDonald often holds seminars and conference for suppliers to discuss their need (p. 3). Overall, McDonald’s and its suppliers are collectively focused on three responsibility areas: ethical, environmental and economic. Controlling Inventory According to Boone and Kurtz (2011) , production and operations managers’ responsibility for inventory control require them to balance the need to keep stocks on hand to meet the demand against the costs of carrying inventory ( p . 369 ). At McDonalds the inventory is managed on the basis of First-In-First-Out basis. This is because most of the inventory consists of perishable items. Therefore delivery of inventory happens twice or more times a week depending on the business of the restaurant. Moreover inventory is stored in freezer with proper packaging so as to ensure freshness of the food items. All this activities comes under inventory management of the organisation. According to Kennon (2007), between 1999 and 2000, McDonald's had an inventory turn rate of 96. 1549, incredible for even a high-turn industry such as fast food. This means that every 3. 79 days, McDonald's goes through its entire inventory. By tying up as little capital as possible in inventory, McDonald's can use the cash on hand to open more stores, increase its advertising budget, or buy back shares. It eases the strain on cash flow considerably, allowing management much more flexibility in planning for the long term (McDonald vs. Wendy’s, para. ) Just in time system seek to eliminate anything that does not add value in operations activities by providing the right part at the right place at just the right time (Boone and Kurtz, 2011, p. 370). McDonald's is also uses JIT system in the sense that it doesn’t begin to cook its orders until a customer has placed a specific order. CONTROLLING THE PRODUCTION PROCESS: The final task of production and operation management is controlling the production process to maintain the highest possible quality. McDonalds put an emphasis on themaintenance of the product quality, the human resources used within the organization, its location and layout designs. They train their employees of all departments regarding their job, so they can handletheir customer and work as well which helps to maintain their status quotas (Gondal, 2008, p. 10). McDonalds is among the companies which are partially involved in the production of goods and services, so a proper maintenance system within the organization strengthens the goodwill and reputation. In McDonalds restaurant , the operations manager develop and establishes the process of cooking food items so that food is prepared using that method which helps them to maintain the speed and the quality of the food. Moreover it also designs processes so that the health, safety and hygiene issues are taken into consideration. Also the managers keep on introducing latest equipment’s with the advancement of technology so as to bring pace, perfection and quality in the product. Overall operations management is very important for any organisations; it contributes to the strategy and therefore helps the organisation to gain competitive advantage. 3. Describe and evaluate the company’s use of teams in production and operations management. A team is a group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, approach, and set of performance goal (Boone and Kurtz, 2011, p. 329). A good team is said to be one where the whole of the team is greater than the sum of its parts; and this signifies that the team members are working in teamwork with each other. Many teams have worked together and the output has been lesser than teams made up of less intelligent minds. So while a team does move towards a common goal, how well it achieves this goal depends solely on how well the team members work in collaboration with each other. According to Goldman (2008), McDonald’s owes is success to its team functionality rather than the efforts of one individual. McDonald’s does not have very highly integrated teamwork, but they would be unable to deliver their products and service without sufficient team unity and cooperation (Observation of Leadership, para . 5). Team members have one area that they focus on during their shift. If they leave their post or are not productive, other line members will not be able to accomplish their jobs and the production line will suffer. For example, when a customer enters the restaurant places an order with the cashier, the later inputs the order into the computer and the information is displayed in the kitchen at the sandwich and grill stations. The grill worker prepares the meat and then places the burger on a bun. The sandwich maker then assembles the sandwich according to the type of sandwich and any additional requests the customer has. If the sandwich maker leaves his post, another worker has to cover for him or the entire product delivery process shuts down. Without everyone working together and having sufficient motivation to provide good and quick quality service, all members of the team fail. As a result of one person losing motivation or failing to adequately perform his duties, customers may complain and business can be lost. Even though most employees are trained to perform multiple tasks at various stations, they are not usually able to perform all of these tasks simultaneously. 4. Analyze and evaluate the company’s ability to adjust to a major economic, environmental, or natural crisis (such as the real estate crash, financial crisis, nuclear meltdown, hurricane, flood, oil spill, etc. ) and communicate effectively with their employees and customers about issues caused by the crisis. Every major corporation faces external and internal challenges. External challenges faced by organizations can be economic, environmental, or natural. We will take a look at the environmental challenges that McDonald has encountered and how it has been able to find solutions to those challenges. Svoboda (2007) argued that, in 1989 McDonald was facing environmental protests in the form of demonstrations, letters, and customers mailing their polystyrene clamshells back to the company. In order to take care of those protest McDonald stepped up its recycling effort by creating a joint task force with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) (p . 5 ). Developing a strong company-wide environmental policy, declaring that McDonald is committed to protecting the environment for future generation, was one of the first result of the task force. McDonald has also been active in educating its customers about the company’s environmental activities and positions. There are brochures available in restaurants informing customers about McDonald position on such as ozone depletion, the rain forest, and packaging. McDonald has realized that in order to achieve its waste reduction goals, it must collaborate with its suppliers. In order to promote collaboration McDonald has developed an annual environmental conference intended to train suppliers and has included environmental issues in its annual supplier reviews and evaluations. According to Svoboda the following initiatives were proposed by the task force and had since been followed by McDonald: Source Reduction, Reuse, Recycling, and composting. Section 40196 of the California Public Resources Code defines source reduction as any action which causes a net reduction in the generation of solid waste. â€Å"Source Reduction† includes, but is not limited to, reducing the use of non-recyclable materials, replacing disposable materials and products with reusable materials and products, reducing packaging, reducing the amount of yard wastes generated, establishing garbage rate structures with incentives to reduce the amount of wastes that generators produce, and increasing the efficiency of the use of paper, cardboard, glass, metal, plastic, and other materials (Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, 2010 ) . Over the past twenty years , McDonald has made substantial progress in its source reduction efforts. Svoboda (2007) believed that, McDonald’s â€Å"average meal† in the 1970s — a Big Mac, fries and a shake — required 46 grams of packaging. Today, it requires 25 grams, a 46 percent reduction. McDonald’s has also reduced the weight of packaging in its sandwich wraps, hot cups, and napkins, removed corrugated dividers in some shipping cases, and switched to bulk containers wherever possible ( p . 4 ) . Re-use is using an object or material again, either for its original purpose or for a similar purpose, without significantly altering the physical form of the object or material (Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, 2010). McDonald reuse options include the reuse of plastic (rather than cardboard) disposables, shipping trays for bakery items, and plastic shipping pallets that last at least three times longer than wooden pallets (Svoboda, 2007, p. 5). Recycling can be defined as using waste as material to manufacture a new product. Recycling involves altering the physical form of an object or material and making a new object from the altered material. McDonald’s tries to use recycled materials whenever possible . According to Svoboda (2007), in April 1990, McDonald’s announced the McRecycle Program, a commitment to spend $100 million annually on the use of recycled materials, especially in the building and renovation of its restaurants. In 1991, it surpassed its goal, purchasing more than $200 million of recycled materials (p. 6). McDonald’s continued to work with suppliers to develop packaging that was consistent with curbside recycling programs, to support the recycling of material that leaves the restaurant via takeout orders. Composting is the biological decomposition of organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings, brush, and food waste into a soil amendment. Almost 50 percent of McDonald’s waste stream consists of paper packaging and food organics that could be composted. McDonald’s is reviewing the compostability of its packaging and studying materials such as the coatings used on its paper-based packaging to determine if they impair compostability. Where possible, it will replace materials that are not compostable with materials designed for compostability. Conclusion This paper has discussed the use of team work in production and operation management, we started by describing a major global corporation ( McDonald) , next described Macdonald’s production or operations management, then described and evaluate the MacDonald’s use of teams in production and operations management, and finally we analyzed and evaluate the McDonald’s ability to adjust to a major economic, environmental, or natural crisis (such as the real estate crash, financial crisis, nuclear meltdown, hurricane, flood, oil spill, etc. ) and communicate effectively with their employees and customers about issues caused by the crisis. References Department of Resources, Recycling and Recovery. (2010). Waste Prevention Terms and Definitions. Retrieved from Department of Resources, Recycling and Recovery website: http://www. calrecycle. ca. gov/reducewaste/define. htm Goldman. E. (2008, November) . Observation of Leadership ; Organizational Behavior at McDonald’s. Retrieved from: http://www. ericgoldman. name/non-technical/28-leadership/34-observation-of-leadership-a-organizational-behavior-at-mcdonalds Gondal. N. (2008). Operation Management Strategies ; Total Quality Management Strategies . Retrieved from: http://www. scribd. com/doc/17407126/POM-REPORT-on-McDonalds McDonald Corporation. ( n. d. ) . McDonald’s 2010 annual report . Retrieved from http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/etc/medialib/aboutMcDonalds/investor_relations3. Par. 56096. File. at/2010%20Annual%20Report%20(print). pdf Kennon . J. (2007). McDonald's vs. Wendy's – A Case Study in Inventory on the Balance Sheet . Retrieved from: http://beginnersinvest. about. com/od/analyzingabalancesheet/a/mcdonalds-vs-wendys. htm Zupanc . H . ( 2007 ) . Total quality management. Retrieved from: http://www. qualitysolutions. ca/tqm. htm Sloan school of Management. ( n . d . ) What is operation management? Retrieved from the Sloan school of management website :http://sloan. mit. edu/omg/om-definition. php Svoboda . S . ( 2007 ). McDonald’s environment strategy. Retrieved from: http://www. umich. edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/CORPpdfs/CORPcaseA. pdf

A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Water constitutes over 70 % of the Earths surface and is a really of import resource for all people and the environment. If H2O gets polluted it cant be the elixr of life any longer to aquatic and to the wild life that depend on it. Rivers and watercourses polluted with chemical contaminations account as one of the most important environmental jobs. Water pollution is fundamentally a human fallacy.This used H2O is called â€Å" effluent † . Turning population and rapid industrialization has increased the volume of effluent manifold finally deteriorating the fresh H2O resources and environing environment due to inappropriate management.It is 99.94 per centum H2O, with merely 0.06 per centum of the effluent being dissolved and suspended solid stuff. Infiltration/inflow: immaterial H2O that enters the cloaca system through indirect and direct agencies such as through leaking articulations, clefts, or porous walls.Inflow is storm H2O that enters the cloaca system from storm drain connexions, roof headings, foundation and cellar drains or through manhole screens ; Features: Fresh, aerophilic, domestic H2O has been said to hold the smell of kerosine or newly turned Earth. Aged, infected sewerage is well more violative to the olfactory nerves.The characteristic rotten-egg smell of H sulphide and the mercaptans is declarative of infected sewage.Fresh sewerage is typically gray in colour.septic sewerage is black.The category of chemical compounds found in effluent are illimitable and so they are better known by the name of the trial used to mensurate them which are BOD5 and COD test.Industrial procedures generate a broad assortment of effluent pollutants.The features and degrees of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Waste-water quality is assessed based on physical, chemical, and biological features. Physical parametric quantities include coloring materials, smell, temperature, and turbidness. Insoluble contents such as solids, oil and lubricating oil, are to be considered under this category.. Solids may be farther subdivided into suspended and dissolved solids every bit good as organic ( volatile ) and inorganic ( fixed ) fractions. Chemical factors to be considered are: biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , entire organic C ( TOC ) , and entire O demand ( TOD ) . Inorganic chemical parametric quantities include salt, hardness, pH, sourness and alkalinity, every bit good as concentrations of ionised metals such as Fe and manganese, and anionic entities such as chlorides, sulphates, sulphides, nitrates and phosphates. Bacteriological parametric quantities include coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses. Both components and concentrations vary with clip a nd local conditions.VARYING FLOW Issue:Waste-water flow fluctuates with fluctuations in H2O use, which is affected by a battalion of factors including clime, community size, life criterions, dependableness and quality of H2O supply, H2O preservation demands or patterns, and the extent of metre services, in add-on to the grade of industrialization, cost of H2O and supply force per unit area. Wide fluctuations in effluent flow rates may therefore be expected to happen within a community Effluent does non flux into a municipal effluent intervention works at a changeless rate. The flow rate varies from hr to hr. In most metropoliss, the form of day-to-day activities sets the form of sewerage flow and strength. Above-average sewerage flows and strength occur in mid-morning.The invariably altering sum and strength of effluent to be treated makes efficient procedure operation difficult.Also, many intervention units must be designed for the maximal flow conditions encountered which really consequences in their being oversized for mean conditions.Flow equalisation is non a intervention procedure in itself, but a technique that can be used to better the effectivity of both secondary and advanced effluent intervention processes.The intent of flow equalisation is to stifle the fluctuations so that the effluent can be treated at a about changeless flow rate.Flow equalisation can significantly better the public presentation of an bing works and increase its utile capacity.In ne w workss, flow equalisation can cut down the size and cost of the intervention units. Wastewater intervention options may be classified into groups of procedures harmonizing to the map they perform and their complexness: The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into the undermentioned phases, which is shown in the signifier of block flow: The procedure flow diagram of a basic effluent intervention procedure is as follows:Conventional WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES:General footings used to depict different grades of intervention in order of increasing intervention degree are preliminary, primary, secondary and third and/or advanced effluent intervention.Preliminary intervention:Preliminary intervention prepares waste-water influent for farther intervention by cut downing or extinguishing non-favourable waste-water features that might otherwise impede operation or overly increase care of downstream procedures and equipment. These features include big solids and shreds, scratchy grit, smells, and, in certain instances, intolerably high extremum hydraulic or organic burdens. Preliminary intervention processes consist of physical unit operations, viz. testing and comminution for the remotion of dust and shreds, grit remotion for the riddance of coarse suspended affair, and floatation for the remotion of oil and lubricating oil. Other preliminary intervention operations include flow equalization, septage handling, and odour control methods.Primary Treatment:Primary intervention is designed to take organic and inorganic solids by the physical procedures of deposit and flotation. About 30 – 40 % of the pollutants are removed from the waste Waterss. Primary intervention acts as a precursor for secondary intervention.Secondary intervention:The intent of secondary intervention is the remotion of soluble and colloidal organics and suspended solids that have escaped the primary intervention. This is typically done through biological procedures, viz. intervention by activated sludge, fixed-film reactors, or laguna systems and deposit. Chemical intervention utilizes a coagulator such as Fe or aluminium.Then solid organic affair and P are precipitated into larger pieces which are separated as sludge. Suspended solids removal through chemical intervention involves a series of three unit operations: rapid commixture, flocculation and settling..A once-through chemical intervention system is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: greater remotion efficiency, the feasibleness of utilizing higher overflow rates, and more consistent public presentation. On the other manus, curdling consequences in a larger mass of primary sludge that is frequently more hard to inspissate and dewater. It besides entails higher operational costs and demands greater attending on the portion of the operator.Adsorption WITH ACTIVATED CARBONAdsorption is the procedure of roll uping soluble substances within a solution on a suited interface. In waste-water intervention, surface assimilation with activated carbon-a solid interface-usually follows normal biological intervention, and is aimed at taking a part of the staying dissolved organic matter.Particulate affair nowadays in the H2O may besides be removed.. The two most common types of activated C are farinaceous activated C ( GAC ) , which has a diameter greater than 0.1 millimeter, and powdered activated C ( PAC ) , which has a diameter of less than 200 mesh. A schematic of an activated C contactor is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: Exploitation powdered activated C in concurrence with traditional biological intervention provides first-class outflowing bio-assay consequences, provides for toxicity control within the bioreactor, and proA ­motes higher nitrification efficiency than that of a conventional activated-sludge system.CWAOOxidation is a procedure widely used for effluent intervention by which the pollutants are removed or converted into more biodegradable substances. Catalytic moisture air oxidization ( CWAO ) is a liquid stage reaction between organic stuff in H2O and O. CWAO is an attractive intervention for waste watercourses, which are excessively dilute to incinerate and excessively concentrated for biological intervention. It can be defined as the oxidization of organic and inorganic substances in an aqueous solution or suspension by agencies of O or air at elevated temperatures and force per unit areas. It is besides called flameless burning Typical conditions for CWAO scope from 125 to 300a- ¦C and at force per unit areas from 0.5 to 20 MPa. Residence times may alter from 15 to 120 min, and the chemical O demand ( COD ) remotion may typically be about 75-90 % .DECHLORINATIONDechlorination is the remotion of free and entire combined Cl residue from chlorinated effluent wastewater before its reuse or discharge to having Waterss. Chlorine compounds react with many organic compounds in the wastewater to bring forth unsought toxic compounds that cause long-run inauspicious impacts on the H2O environment and potentially toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms. Beginning: Adapted from Liu and Liptak, Wastewater Treatment ACTIVATED CARBON CONTACTOR: Beginning: Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 3rd edition.Comparison OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER:Factor BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL EFFLUENT QUALITY Biological P remotion was observed to make a lower limit of 0.4mg/l in the wastewater Chemical P remotion was observed to make whatever outflowing quality demand as more and more chemicals are dosed SLUDGE PRODUCTION ( The production of sludge is considered as a really of import factor in the pick of a effluent intervention method presents ) Sludge production is less compared to chemical method. Chemical P remotion produces more sludge, approximately 25 % more sludge than by biological agencies. NEEDED PLANT VOLUME As the volume of the anaerobiotic zone of the Bio -P procedure is reduced, there are alterations in the outflowing quality and the efficiency of P remotion is reduced The decrease of the volume of the anaerobiotic zone has no effects on the chemical P remotion Consumption OF ENERGY It was possible to cut down the capacity of the aeration device down to 1000kg O2/hr and still hold good intervention consequences in footings of COD and nitrogen remotion in the Bio-P process.Beyond this bound ( less than 100kg O2/hr ) COD and the Nitrogen in the wastewater are excessively high. Same sum of COD and Nitrogen in the wastewater is observed at 500kgO2/hr.So chemical method is more immune to decrease in aeration capacity than the Bio-P procedure by atleast 500kgO2/hr aeration capacity. ECONOMIC COST OF TREATMENT ) Annual cost for sludge disposal is saved by Bio-P compared to chemical method. The cost of buying chemicals is high and no nest eggs with respect to sludge disposal compared to Bio-P remotion. The economic cost of intervention has been evaluated based on a summing up of the single costs associated with sludge production, cost of chemicals, energy cost and costs associated to volume nest eggs. The purpose of an economic cost is non to reflect the exact fiscal cost but an estimation that could be used as a guideline for the building of a new works or for comparing of the two procedures. Discussion: Chemical VS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Biological procedure removes solid organic affair and dissolved organic affair. The chemical procedure removes solid organic affair and phosphorus.Chemical precipitation cleans the H2O really quickly, say in less than 15mins after the induction of the procedure, we have clean H2O, whereas with biological intervention it will take 3 hour to accomplish the same.Biological procedure stopping points relatively long clip and is dependent on the effectivity of the microorganisms.Chemical and Biological interventions work in different ways and accomplish different results.We have to find the major causes of O lack in Waterss and choose the intervention in conformity with local environmental requirements.Purification in itself demands resources.Biological intervention requires a long abode clip and energy is consumed when air is blown into the sewerage water.Consequently the Biological works is large and more complex.The micro-organisms have to be adapted to the pollution which sensitises th e whole system.Chemical purification requires add-on of coagulators which is done in a little pool and at lower energy consumption.The entire energy used for chemical intervention is merely 15 % of that required for biological intervention, even if the energy used for production and distribution of coagulators is included.In footings of the entire ecological emphasis, the chemical procedure is favoured.Life rhythm appraisals show the biological procedure to be a larger consumer of resources and therefore it is more negative interms of its full environmental impact.If there is no demand to take dissolved organic affair a biological procedure could make greater ecological harm than chemical procedure due to the entire energy ingestion and the natural stuffs used when building the works. The environment makes demands on the purification procedure and if advanced purification is necessary both biological and chemical methods must be used..In Norway, the bing chemical works built wholly within bedrock was extended with the N remotion system due to the increased food load.With the alone combination of chemical and biological procedures this works occupies less than half the volume of the conventional biological procedure. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective effluent aggregation and intervention are of great importance from the point of view of both environmental and public wellness. Any effluent intervention works needs important investing and Operation Maintenance and control, and hence any determination to implement such a installation should be carefully considered. It is non a good thought to reason that any intervention method is better than the other.Each one has its ain advantages and disadvantages.The pick of which method is to be used will depend on the society, the discharge demands and the costs they are ready to incur.As a concluding decision, the winning construct these yearss should non be based on which procedure should be used in isolation to the other, but instead utilizing the advantages of both processes together to obtain best consequences, while at the same clip understating their disadvantages. Extensive research activity in this field has led to important betterment and variegation in the procedures and methods used for waste-water intervention and sludge direction. Public wellness jeopardies are frequently associated with waste-water reuse, and accordingly it is indispensable to circulate cognition and information about the danger of natural waste-water reuse and issue safe reuse guidelines.