Hawthorne Effect and Human Relation Movement

Describe how the comp unmatchednts of the Hawthorne reading are incorporated in current military personnel resource functions? What was the main psyche behind this study? How have you been impacted by the components of this study in your current or past ferment setting? According to Baack (2012), the human relation front line in management began in 1920s and was based on the human element of organizations. The Hawthorne study became one of the branches of the human relation movement (Baack, 2012) As stated by Cubbon (1969), the Hawthorne studies were carried out from the Hawthorne Works, a factory in Chicago.The idea of those studies was experimenting with psychological factors influencing the employees, while the goal was to append the productivity levels (Cubbon, 1968). With time, the term became widely known, and many organizations conducted the similar studies. Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger have conducted the Hawthorne studies focusing their research on the employees and the aspects that influenced the workers productivity (Baack, 2012).According to their distinguishings, the productivity rates increased due to positive interactions surrounded by workers and researches, entry-level employees were actively fulfilling the duties of the supervisors without worrying about being disciplined for poor performance, and mountain started working closely in groups, while being loyal to one a nonher (Baack, 2012). The research showed that workers are motivated not only by money, but also by social interactions, which should be accounted for at the employment (Baack, 2012).Human Resources department of any organization should be focused on the workers. Its uncomplicated duties are to treat employees fairly and make sure that an organization gives punt to its own people. Higher level of peoples satisfaction with the rent out will lead to the companys success. It is necessary for managers to understand what makes the employees happier to increase the l evels of productivity that is why conducting the Hawthorne studies is important.For example, people in my department are not fond of each other they do not like to work in teams and usually keep blaming each other for different mistakes. If our management arranged different experiments to understand the employees a little burst and to find the root of the problem, the workers would eventually change their ways and views, which would lead to creating a better work environment.

Compare and Contrast ‘Harry Pushed Her’ and ‘Hector the Collector’ Essay

Neither call forth Pushed Her nor bully the Collector have any stanzas. In annoy Pushed Her the lines atomic number 18 short, most containing around five syllables. The rhyme scheme changes throughout, from every more or less other line rhyming to rhyming couplets. This changes the flow of the poem. I think the author does this to emphasize points, to setback the lecturer at times and to change the surliness of the poem. Harry push her, push her now/Harry push the mad cow, the flow of this emulates the mocking tone of children. strong-arm the Collector has a mixture of long and short lines, ranging from six syllables to ten syllables. It has a constant rhyme scheme in quatrains, this creates a steady course and speeding throughout.Both poems be focused on pot who are non always correctly understood, they are seen as antithetic by many. hoi polloi dont have the same outlook as they do and therefore they are cast aside. In Harry Pushed Her our first impressions are t hat Harry bullies his sister. We think this because the poem reads, Harry pushed her/He pushed his sister the subscriber automatically comes to the conclusion that Harry pushes her in a violent way. The repeat of the word push is very effective as it implies to the reader that Harry is an incessant bully. We dont know or even suspect, until the give-up the ghost line that hes pushing his sister in a helpful way.We dont anticipate this, it comes as a shock to the reader. We think of young boys as bullies, and we count on them to push their sisters violently because of the stereotypical images we have. The author cleverly shows us how we prejudge him unfairly. In strong-arm the Collector the poet also uses repetition to good effect as he creates an excessive list of useless items. This creates the impression of Hector as an grapheme character. It tells us that he Loved these things with all his soul/more than seem diamonds/more than glistenin gold creating an image for the reader of Hector as a lonely man who only has his possessions as company.I think that in both poems the people that are seen as different have different reasons for being outcasts. In Harry Pushed Her I think Harry gets some sort of escapism from pushing his sister in her wheelchair, Harry pushed her without a care. This lifestyle protects him from the pressures of other children his profess age. He traps himself in his own little world where he feels safe and peaceful. While in Hector the Collector Hector enjoys his items and has a different perspective of them to others. He thinks of these things as a, treasure trunk and offers others to share the delights he gets out of them, while others discard it as junk.The speaker calls the people silly and sightless telling the reader that the people are small minded and foolish because they cant look any further than face value. I think that Hector sees that although they are useless, they were once useful and he feels they dont merit to be t hrown away. I think this is a metaphor of directlys lodge, as we live in a disposable society and Hector is trying to escape from it. The poems also contrast slightly. Harry pushes people away he wants to be a loner. He spurns others, preferably than them rejecting him. He is not understood and doesnt need to be. Hector on the other hand invites people to be his friends, to share his belongings, but they reject him.

Labeling theory and its effects to the society Essay

Labeling possibility is a possible action that tries to explain the center of labeling by the association on an man-to-man. It shows that by labeling an individualistic for interpreter as insane, that could mark the beginning of the process of him being insane. It is indeed important for society to be c atomic number 18ful on the labels that they give to individuals beca habit of the effects that argon likely to come with this labels. This paper is going to look into the components of labeling possible action and its effects.Labeling Theory Labeling theory looks at the influence that the society has on the growing of a certain bearing by an individual because of the societys perception of him/her. The way an individual has been described and categorized by the familiar can greatly affect the behavior of the said individual. It also develops come on the linguistic tendency of the majority in society to label those who are perceived to be minority or with behaviors differ ent from the rest, negative labels. concord to this theory, the stigmatizing or negative labels given to these individuals sop up a significant effect on them such that some of the individuals may proceed to being unnatural (Becker, 1964). An example is an individual who is perceived to be a drug screwball. regular(a) if the drugs do not affects his professional life, when individuals whom they work with come to know that they use drugs, they may start avoiding and associating them with all other crimes that are done by drug addicts.Because of this stigmatization, the individual may end up loosing the job and could not be able to secure a decent job in any other place. This will leave him with no other cream other than involving in crime for survival, something which he could not have gotten himself in were it not for stigmatization and labels that were directed to him/her (Becker, 1963). According to Becker (1963), the process of labeling cannot be pretended to be purely rig ht because if so, it could have not considered the general practice of deviance which is it is the society that creates it.The society may create some genial rules and apply them to some given individuals with step to the fore proper consideration. Their claims cannot be justified because at that place is a possibility that the individual may not be what the society perceives him/her to be. Other offenders may be lucky to go without being detect by people and you cannot say that just because they were able to escape unseen, they are clean and cannot qualify to be deviant or those who have been denominate are all the same.This is because there may be false accusations. The theory may affect the society in many ways. It may head teacher to increased crime rate among individuals and society. This is because of the effect that the theory has on an individual like in the example above of a drug addict who will be forced to engage in dangerous activities because of divergence by the people around him/her.It may also serve as an example to other individuals to avoid committing crimes considering the condemnation involved after carrying out the crime (Becker, 1964). Victims of this theory can also become victims of self fulfil prophesy. Because of the perception that the society has on these individuals, they may begin to change their behavior to that which the society has labeled them to have either consciously or unconsciously. An example is a homosexual individual.Being a homosexual may not have an effect on an individuals professional life, plainly if his colleagues become aware of that fact, it may be difficult for the said someone to comfortably work therefore his work will also assemble as a result. Poor results in the work place have been brought about by discrimination that an individual has received from his colleagues because of the label of a homosexual that he had acquired. Although the individuals may be determined to do things right, it may be difficult to abide by that (Becker, 1963).Although this theory may bring about positive influences in society such that others may interpret from victims, it makes victims to be more deviant. This could be because of lack of support from the individuals around the victims qualification life more unbearable for them pushing them further into crime. References Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders labeling theory. New York, NY The on the loose(p) rouse Becker, H. S. (1964). The Other Side Perspectives on Deviance. New York, NY The Free Press

Internship Report on Zong Pakistan Essay

Groups individuals according to the occasions when they buy, social function or think of buying a product. 2. Benefits Sought Groups individuals according to the benefits they essay from the product. 3. Usage Rate Groups individuals according to the level of usage they make of the product, be it Heavy, Medium or Light usage. 4. User attitude Groups individuals according to whether they are non-users, potential users, front-time users, regular users, or ex-users of a productLoyalty Status Groups individuals according to their level of loyalty to the product. Hard core loyals always secure the product / brand in question. Whilst Soft core loyals will sometimes purchase another brand, and Switchers will not specifically seek by a particular brand, but rather purchase the brand unattached to them at time of need, or that which was on sale. 6. Buyer Readiness head Groups individuals according to their readiness to purchase the product.This segmentation model is particularly expedient in formulating and monitoring the marketing communication strategies employed to move consumers towards purchase of a product or brand. Role of Segmentation Segmentation is the first step towards client understanding, which allows organisations to build healthy relationships with their customers. Money is made by keeping customers, and the whole idea of segmenting customers in order to build customer relationships is to turn it into a mutually satisfying relationship, says Ovum analyst (David Bradshaw, 2000).

By the end of the novel Maestro the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters Essay

By the end of the novel the subscriber feels that both Keller and capital of Minnesota ar egotists and equally unattractive characters. While I agree with the root part of this statement I disagree with the second. In this essay I will be discussing the characters egotism, is relation to each other. I will exempt the reasoning behind the characters reasonings and because of this why I retrieve that capital of Minnesota is the more unlikable character of the two. The commentator learns very on in the curb that each of these characters has unattractive qualities. Goldsworthy creates these characters equally undesirable in their own right. Pauls superficial view on sense and his quick judgement in particular when it comes to Keller contri exactlye to the portrayal of Paul as a fairly unlikable character.Paul makes the transition in this book growing up and this in its ego is very much a contributing factor as we see him grow into his egotism where as Keller is explained and somewhat redeemed. Despite Keller world describes as a virtuoso he is viewed by Paul -and there for the reader -as arrogant and patronising. The boy is minded(p) to much self satisfaction he observes of Paul, which is a fair definition as Paul is often critical and patronising of Kellers command techniques, which may well stem from his superior view of himself, of course he sounded better, he had a better piano. Paul from very early on is self centred, believing he is the trump.He takes things at face value, especially when it comes to judging Keller and his teaching style. He does non take the time to crack and learn before making assumptions. When he says Hes a Nazi he could non have been more wrong. This statement proceed more apparent towards the end of the novel when we learn about Kellers association with the NAZIs and the consequences it had not only on his life but overly those of this family, his wife and son. Kellers anti-social behaviour tends to bring a dist ance amongst himself and the other people in Darwin but also from himself as a character and the reader. But this is not a disconfirming influence, in fact it makes the reader empathise with him or at least intrigue the reader enough to be on his side. This could be seen as one of Keller save factors.When Keller chooses to move to Adelaide, Paul realised that his extradite was self imposed His exile was chosen, not forced upon him, Kellers arrogance and naivety during the War are why he chooses to stay in Vienna and ultimately causes the deaths of his wife and son. Keller believes that he had been betrayed, that by being close to Hitler his family would be saved. This assumption was naive, he says himself I knew these people, these murderers. I had signed their concert programs. His self imposed closing off in Darwin as a result of this evokes empathy and sympathy in the reader and this could again be seen as a redeeming quality. As the reader learns that Keller has reason for his egotism, Paul- because of his youth is viewed negatively because he comes off as an unspiritual child. When he moves to Adelaide we realise however that he has somewhat been groomed into this arrogance. teaching from Keller, Paul learns a lot but he also gets reach all of Kellers arrogance as well. Learning the techniques from Keller but not how to play the medicinal drug with passion, Paul starts to believe that technique is the only main(prenominal) thing. Keller as we learn has reason to focus on the technique, simply because he cannot stand the pain of actually feeling the music, evident in his scatty finger. Pauls arrogance grows through with(predicate)out the book. As he progresses through the lessons with Keller and also as his love life grows with Rosie, he grows more self assured. Paul is very self driven and thinking he is the best he makes decisions that show his arrogance to the fullest.The choice to move to Adelaide right on the cusp of getting to finally know everything about his teacher shows that not only is he arrogant he is an egotist. He wants the fame and glory of being an amazing piano player. While Paul appears narcissistic, he is often certified of his flaws. Despite being pretentious, Paul is fundamentally shy. His refuge in the music room parallels Kellers self-imposed solitude at the Swan. Paul is changeable of himself, as his self-perception lagged timidly behind his growth spurt. His arrogance protects him from his bleakness and his inability to attain greatness. Although Pauls delusions of grandeur mark him as a weak character.At the end of the novel Paul admits that he is able to dupe my audience at the odd concertbut nevermyself, referring to his musical ability. Paul comes to the realisation that he will never be the piano player he desires and this admission evokes some empathy from the superior readers. Pauls egotisms is much more prominent than Kellers, and the tragedy of Kellers life in a way prevents the reade r from having negative feelings towards him. Paul and Keller are represented as egotistical characters but whereas Pauls is viewed as negative with small redeeming factors, Kellers is understood and earned and explained from his passed.

The History Of Medical Compromised Health And Social Care Essay

proper set survival of the fittest A is, harmonizing to wikpedia, symptoms ar ingrained ailments of the diligent such as concern, giddiness, or hurting, normally non subjective to verification by the tester, restitute, tooth doctor, or other healthc atomic number 18 professional. get a capacious choices B to D are marks. Referemce hypertext channel communications communications communications communications protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom2. Which of the pursual is the or so of import during an initial uncomplaining role rating?Critical SignsEstablishing RapportSexual History top dog Ailment overcompensate resolve decompose B, during an initial patient fundamental interaction with a clinician it is imperative to set up respectable resonance that will let the patient to supply inside informations about their medical memorial that ca nt establish in graphs or scrutinies. prime(a)s A C and D will never happen without the trust of the doctor.Reference Eval/ ri skiness Assessment Dr. G. DavisAn distinguishablely healthy patient who smokes half a battalion of coffin nails a twenty-four hours has which ASA categorization?ASA IASAIIASA troikaASA IV crystallise arrange option B, ASA II is a patient with a mild systemic disease. For causa tobacco users, minimum imbibing, pregnant, fleshiness, good controlled full(prenominal) stock certificate pinch, and minor lung disease. ASA I are healthy non-smokers or minimum drinkers. ASA III are patients with marvelous systemic disease non disabling for illustration, diabetes, ill controlled mettlesome short letter force, and far-flung account statement of myocardial infarction. ASA IV are patient with terrible systemic disease that is a changeless menace to life. watch Ameri empennage familiarity of Anesthesiology. hypertext sell protocol //learnanesthesia.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html by and by sing your patient s birds-eye radiogram, you discover and diagnose the presence of calcifie d atheromas in her carotid arterias. What banknote should you arrest following?Continue with dental intervention because there is no demand to be concernedMention the patient to her primary attention doctorAgenda to hold the atheromas outside by an unwritten sawb championsIgnore the find because it is beyond your black market of preparation localize resolve prime(prenominal) B, if a clinician notices oppositive findings that could be endangering to the patient s life they are to instantly mention the patient to their primary attention doctor. wefts A, C and D could translate to a inauspicious result for either the clinician or patient. Mention Evaluation & A Risk Assessment err 14 Dr. DavisIn which of the undermenti singled classs should a patient s main ailment be written?SubjectiveAimAppraisal aforethought(ip) advance fare plectron A, the subjective part of a lather note explains the patient s main ailment. Objective part of a SOAP note is for critical marks, medicin e, and other marks observed by the clinician. Assessment is for the clinician diagnosing. Plan is for intervention done during the assignment and each here later on intervention scheduled. Mention Evaluation & A Risk Assessment slide 18 Dr. G DavisWhich of the following(prenominal) conditions do NOT necessitate antibiotic medicate prophylaxis?Artificial bosom valvesmitral Valve StenosisCongenital bosom defectsHip replacing six months agoneCorrect Answer B, Mitral valve stricture. Cardiovascular conditions associated with the highest hazard of inauspicious result from endocarditis for which prophylaxis with dental processs is recommended harmonizing to the Ameri substructure subject matter Association. Prosthetic Cardiac Valve, 2 precedent Infective Endocarditis 3 Congenital sum Disease, Cardiac Transplantation, alveolar prudence of the medically compromised patient, page 28, BOX 2-1. Mitral valve Stenosis is NOT one of these ConditionssWhich of the following(prenominal) agents is use to squeeze off a patient with an overdose of Coumadin?NaloxoneAqua MephytonDisulfiramNaltrexoneCorrect Answer picking B is employ to make out Coumadin overdose. resource A is defile because is employ to change by reversal the set up of respiratory depression overdose. excerpt C is used for intoxicant overdose and pick D, Naltrexone has similar consequence to Narcan, in that is It is used for handling chronic alcohol addiction and for rapid opioid detoxification.Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews materia medica 3rd discrepancy.Which of the following(prenominal) represents an ideal thrombocyte counts?50,000100,000300,000500,000Correct Answer filling C, normal thrombocyte counts is 150,000- 400,000. Mention chmaier AH. Laboratory rating of styptic and thrombotic upsets. In Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Shattil SJ, et Al, explosive detection systems. Hoffman Hematology Basic Principles and Practice. 5th erectile dysfunction. Philadelphia, Pa Churchill Livingstone Else vier 2008 fellow 122.What is the INR of a normal healthy patient?01234Mention Dr. Davis said this in a talk.Which of the undermentioned drugs will go after in respiratory depression during an overdose?BenzodiazepinesBarbituratesNonsteroidal anti-inflammatoryAlbuterolCorrect Answer pick B, Barbiturates suppress the hy luesic and chemoreceptor response to CO2 and overdose is followed by respiratory depression and decease. Mention A Miller LG, Deutsch SI, Greenblatt DJ, Paul SM, Shader RI ( 1988 ) . acute barbiturate disposal increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo .Psychopharmacology ( Berl. ) A 96A ( 3 ) 385-90.What is some other name for rapid external respiration?TachypneaDiaphoreticTachycardiaPtyalismCorrect Answer excerption A, harmonizing to wikipedia, from the Greek dictionary tachy means rapid and pena agencies bespeak a breathing. The molest picks, sudorific inordinate sweat. Tachycardia Increase Heart Rate, ptyalism extra spit. Mention Wikipedia subscri bers. Diaphoresis. Wikipedia, The let go Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The needy Encyclopedia, 8 Jan. 2013. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.Which of the undermentioned represents a symptom of supple TB infection?Night SweatsXerostomiaMalenaAtelectasisCorrect Answer selection A, express in category text book dental consonant centering of the medically compromised Patient, page 117. survival B, Xerostomia is common among autoimmune, such as Sjorgen. prime(prenominal) C, refers the show of fecal matters collectable to GI shed origining. Atelectasis is the prostration of the lungs due to hapless wetting agent or squamous cell carcinoma. Refrence hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melena hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis Causes and hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XerostomiaWhich of the pursual has a normal scope which hold out betwixt eleven and 16 seconds?Prothrombin TimePartial Thromboplastin TimeBleeding TimeAll supraCorr ect Answers select A, the normal PT reduce is 11-15. weft B, PTT clip is 20-35 seconds and hemorrhage clip if from 2-7 proceedingss.Which of the undermentioned conditions are you 3 % likely to drive by a needle stick?Hepatitis DHepatitis CHepatitis BHivCorrect Answers filling B Hepatitis C is contracted % by needle sticks. The wrong replies of hepatitis B and HIV per centums are 30 % and.3 % severally. Mention As verbalize in category Class Discussion, Dr. Davis.Which of the following values represent a normal healthy scope for HbA1c?4 %6.5 %7 %10 %Correct Answer plectron A, a normal HbA1c 4 % -5.9 % . Mention Wikipedia subscribers. Glycated haemoglobin. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Jan. 2013. Web. 7 Feb. 2013.Which of the undermentioned conditions will NOT take to renal failure?Systemic lupus erythematosusBrown s neoplasm of hyperparathyroidismGlomerulonephritisHigh line of business pressureCorrect Answer Choice B, Brown s Tumor is a status associated with nephritic failure, nevertheless it does non take to it. Mention dental oversight of the medically Compromise Patient, page 181What is the term to a counterchange from an indistinguishable twin?AutograftHomograftIsograftHeterograftCorrect Answer Choice C isograft is a transplant of tissue between two persons who are genetically indistinguishable. An autoplasty is the pipe organ transplant of variety meats, tissues or even proteins from one portion of the organic structure to another in the same person. A allograft is the organ transplant of cells, tissues, or variety meats, to a liquidator from a genetically non-identical giver of the same species. A heterograft is the organ transplant of life cells, tissues or variety meats from one species to another. Mention Wikipedia. hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsograftWhich of the undermentioned represent a common side consequence of the drug Rifadin?Addictive belongingssRed pissDecrease Oxygen impregnationBlurred imaginationCorrect Answer Choice B is right. Rifampin is an intensely reddened solid, and the little fraction which reaches organic structure fluids is known for leaving a harmless red-orange colour to the piss ( and to a lesser extent, anyways perspiration and cryings ) of users, for a few hours after a dosage. Mention Wikipedia. hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RifampinWhich of the undermentioned statements should a clinician support in head when utilizing a pulsation oximeter?The usage of pulse oximeters exposes patients to extra radiationPulse oximeters should non be used on dialysis patientsPulse oximeter education be drive home a retard feedbackNever topographical point a pulse oximeter on the patient s indicator fingerCorrect retort C, The pulsation oximeter reading has a delayed feedback due to the signal averaging. There is a hold after a the existent O impregnation starts to drop. Choices A and B are non true. Choice D is the non replying the inquiry but is true statement. Mention Downs JB, Schweiger JW, Miguel RV, Smith RA. secondary O impairs sensing of hypoventilation by pulse oximetry. Chest 2004 1261552-8 kings evil is a status caused by which of the following beings?Mycobacteria TBStaphylococcus AureusMycoplasma PneumoniaCandida AlbicasCorrect reply A, Scrofula in grownups is about frequently caused by Mycobacterium TB, which is contracted by take a breathing in air that is infected by M. TB. Choice B, S.aureus is cerebrate osteomyelitis, bacteriemia or TSS. Choice, C M. pneumonia is known to do pneumonia. Choice D, Candida Albicans is a commensal fungi apart of the normal vegetation nevertheless, higher colonisation exist in HIV patients. Mention Werrett, Simon. neutering the Nation s Wounds Royal Ritual and Experimental Philosophy in Restoration England. History of ScienceA 38 ( 2000 ) 377-99.Which of the followers is likely to happen in patients with struma?Enlarged salivary sec retory organsCervical lymphadenopathyCongenital sightlessnessPremature passing play of dentitionsCorrect Answer B, Cervical lymphadenopathy is the most common mark that take cares in patients enduring from struma in add-on, struma is accompanied by febrilities, weighting loss and icinesss. Choice A, enlarged salivary secretory organs, occurs in Sjogrens syndrome. Choice C, Congenital sightlessness occurs in inborn German measles syndrome. Choice D, premature loss of teeth occurs normally due to trauma. Mention Werrett, Simon. hangout the Nation s Wounds Royal Ritual and Experimental Philosophy in Restoration England. History of ScienceA 38 ( 2000 ) 377-99.What per centum of O is in the ambiance?15 %18 %21 %24 %30 %Correct Answer C, 21 %Cook & A Lauer 1968, p.500How frequently should breaths be disposed(p) when executing kiss of life?Equally frequently as possibleAfter every(prenominal) 60 secondsAfter 30 thorax compactionsAfter 10 thorax compresssionsCorrect Answer After 3 0 thorax compactions, when preforming CPR the pathophysiologic thought is to manually pump oxygenated blood and maintain cardiac end product to of import variety meats. When take a breathing into the victim, this is a signifier of supplying unreal respiration. Choice A is wrong because CPR consist of jumping rhythms of compactions and breaths, therefrom breaths can non be given every bit frequently as possible. Choice B, After every 60 seconds, is wrong, In a CPR 60 2nd interval a first respondent should hold given 100 compactions. Choice D of 10 compactions is the in coif conception.Mentions Highlights of the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and ECC ( pdf ) .A American Heart Association.How should patient belongings a laryngospasm be managed?Epinephrine admistrationProvide positive air ramp per unit of measurement field of viewSupply an inhalatorStand clear until the individual settles downCorrect Answer B, The direction of a laryngospasm consists of supp lying positive air force per unit area ( PAP ) . Laryngospasms are a prolong musculus compressing of the laryngeal cords, because the episode typically last less than 60 seconds, a PAP airing is usefully in similar ague respiratory failure. Choice A of adrenaline is exactly used during laryngospasm due to oral cord hydrops. Choice C, provides an inhalator, is wrong because most inhalators block the beta-2 receptor and therefore take to bronchoconstriction. Choice D, stand clear until the individual settles down is neer the right pick. Mention hypertext transfer protocol //www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/83/5/1110.full.pdfWhat measurings are captured when utilizing a sphygmomanometer?Respiratory volumeTemperatureOxygen ImpregnationBlood PressureCorrect Answer D, Sphygmomanometer is used to mensurate blood force per unit area. The turnup is placed on the upper arm at the same tallness as the bosom. stripe sizes are similarly of import, excessively little a cuff consequences in high force per unit area & A excessively magnanimous a turnup consequences in excessively low a force per unit area. Respiratory volumes are measured spirometer, Temperature is measured utilizing a thermometer and O impregnation is measured utilizing a pulse oximeter. Mention A Misrin, J.A aneroid barometer Sphygmomanometer A Battle for Safer Blood Pressure Apparatus . Retrieved 27 February 2012.Which of the undermentioned blood force per unit area reading represents the ideal translation of a individual with phase one high blood pressure?142/96mmHg125/94mmHg165/91mmHg119/79mmHgCorrect Answer A, 142/96 mmHg harmonizing to the webmd.com, phase one high blood pressure is classify by a systole reading that lies between 140-159 and a diastole reading of 90-99. Choice B, 125/94mmHg is a reading that is classified as pre-hypertension. Choice C, 165/91mmHg is classified is stage 2 high blood pressure and Choice D. 119/79 is normal.Which of the undermentioned represents the lowest reading of a patient at hazard for cardiovascular disease?long hundred/80mmHg117/76mmHg115/75mmHg125/85mmHgCorrect Answer Harmonizing to the Mayo Clinic and dental consonant care of the medically Compromise Patient, chapter 27.Which of the followers is NOT a symptom of high blood pressure?DizzinessNauseaConcernTinnitusCorrect Answer Nausea, is the lone symptom among the list that is non experience by patients with high blood pressure harmonizing to hypertext transfer protocol //www.whitethornoclinic.com/health/high-blood-pressure/DS00100 and dental consonant Management of the medically Compromise Patient, page 40.Which of the followers may pursue of two carpules of 2 % lidocaine 1100,000 adrenaline were accidently injected via IV to a patient taking propranolol?Elevated blood force per unit area and tachycardiaElevated blood force per unit area and compensatory bradycardiaDecreased blood and tachycardiaDecreased blood and compensatory bradycardiaCorrect Answer Choice B, elevated blood force per unit area and compensatory bradycardia would happen and take to cardiovascular prostration & A cardiac apprehension. Choice C & A D are the opposite effects that would happen. Choice A is wrong because the compensatory reaction of tachycardia is wrong.What is the approximative per centum of the United States citizens with high blood force per unit area?15 %25 %33 %40 %50 %Correct Answer Choice C, 33 % is the right reply harmonizing the CDC.comWhere is lidocaine metabolized?KidneyBoneLungsBlood watercourseCorrect Answer Choice A, utter by Dr. Davis in categoryDuring which of the undermentioned alveolar consonant processs is it recommended to supply antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with non-valvular cardiovascular devices?Multiple extractionsIncision and drainageEveryday dentition cleansingWhile mensurating examining deepnesssCorrect Answer Choice B, Harmonizing to Dental Management of the Medically Compromise Patient, page 34. Choice A, C & A D where non recomm ended.Patients who endure received a nephritic graft are likely to hold gingival hyperplasia due to which of the followers?CyclosporineDiphenylhydantoinAmlodipineDiphenylhydantoinCorrect Answer Choice A, cyclosporine is given to patients with nephritic grafts and they may exhibit gingival enlargement page 197 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients. Choice B, Phenytoin is wrong because it is a drug known to dispose patients to gingival hyperplasia but it is non prescribed to patients with nephritic graft it is an antiepileptic drug, besides used for dialysis remotion page 198. Choice C, Amlodipine is wrong because it is a Ca channel blocker, which unwritten visual aspect is gingival expansion. However this drug is given to patients who have high blood pressure page 43. Choice D, Dilantin is wrong because it is the same as Phenytoin for the grounds stated above page 615 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th stochastic variable underWhich of the undermentioned tooth formations has NO associations with inborn poxs?Hutchinson s incisorsScrew-Driver incisorsPeg lateralsMulberry grindersCorrect Answer Choice C, nog laterals is the right reply because it non related to inborn pox it is a job in the development of the maxillary sidelong incisors which appear smaller than normal. Choice A, Hutchinson s three of inborn poxs along with interstitial keratitis of the cornea causes hearing loss and dental abnormalcies such as mulberry grinder. Choice B, screw-drivers incisors is wrong reply due to the fact that they are dental defects besides seen in inborn pox and caused by direct invasion of tooth sources by Treponema beings because they can traverse the placenta. Mention page 205 Chapter 13 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th edition.Which of the undermentioned conditions is NOT associated with HHV-4?Kaposi SarcomaInfectious glandular fevernasopharyngeal malignant neoplastic diseaseOral hairy leukoplakiaCorre ct Answer Choice A, . Kaposi Sarcoma is the right reply because it is associated with HIV-8 non HIV-4 pg. 207 chapter 13 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients eighth edition. B. Infectious glandular fever is non the correct reply because it is caused 90 % of instances by EBV or HHV-4, a lymphotropic herpesvirus pg. 209 chapter 13 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 8th editionC. Nasopharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease is wrong because it is related to patients with HHV-4 hypertext transfer protocol //www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/viral_cancers/en/index1.html D. Oral hairy leukoplakia is wrong because it is associated with EBV after recovery pg. 215 Chapter 13 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 8th edition and pg. 297 Chapter 18Herpes zosters is associated with which of the undermentioned herpes viruses?HHV-1HHV-2HHV-3HHV-4Correct Answer Choice C, HHV-3 is the right reply because it is associated with chickenpox shin gles Choice A, HHV-1 is non right because it is simplex virus that causes non-genital herpes simples in worlds, seen in kids and immature Choice B, HHV-2 is non the correct replies because it is a simplex virus besides but associated with venereal infections Choice D, HHV-4 is non right, it is besides known every bit EBV as it was described in old inquiries is a lymphorocryptovirus. Mention pg. 604 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 8th edition hypertext transfer protocol //www.healthdictionary.info/HHV-3.htm grownups hypertext transfer protocols //www.healthdictionary.info/HHV-1.htm hypertext transfer protocol //www.healthdictionary.info/HHV-4.htm and chapter 13 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th edition hypertext transfer protocol //www.healthdictionary.info/HHV-2.htmHealthcare employees are required to have a inoculation for which of the followers?HBVHCVHivHPVCorrect Answer Choice A, HBV is the right reply because the vaccinum aga inst HBV is recommended to kids, health care and public safety workers with exposure to blood etcetera Choice B, HCV is wrong because there is non a vaccinum for Hepatitis C merely for hepatitis A and B. Choice C, HIV is wrong because there is non a vaccinum for HIV for cut downing hazard, and cosmopolitan safeguards are to follow. Choice D, HPV anomalous because there is a vaccinum to assist forestalling some kind-hearted papillomavirus but it is non required to wellness attention employees. Mentions pg. 150 chapter 10 of Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 8th edition and it is besides recognized as effectual defence against HBV infection make up in hypertext transfer protocol //www.uptodate.com/contents/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine-beyond-the-basics hypertext transfer protocol //www.ncdental.org/images/ncds/L % 20Kay % 20OSHA % 20Training % 20Handout.pdfWhat is the scoop out manner to pull off a hapless historiographer? come to with patient s doctorHave p atient repetition themselvesHave patient communicate easy chitchat with the patient s partnerCorrect Answer Choice A, Consult with PT doctor is the right reply because it is the best manner to see about the medical fortunes of the patient like the medicines. Asking for the patient s PCP information for future mention is portion of the medical history, which was conferred in an earlier talk Under Management Poor Historian. Choice B, have a patient repetition themselves is wrong because the patient may plagiarize something that he/she is diffident about is non utile. Choice C, have patient speak slowly is non the correct reply because the patient once more does nt return the medical history so it would non give us any information. Choice D, consult with patient s partner is non the right reply nevertheless, this can be a right pick if the spouse is law-abidingly lawful to talk on behalf of the patient, but this is non ever the instance so the best manner is ever consult with pat ient s doctor this was discussed in the first talk under direction hapless historiographer. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th erectile dysfunctionsWhich type of medicines should a tooth doctor papers?PrescribedOver- the-CounterMultivitaminsHerbal addendumsAll of the aboveCorrect Answer Choice E, all of the undermentioned drugs that the patient is taking should be acknowledged and examined for actions, inauspicious side effects and contraindications. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th erectile dysfunctionsWhich of the undermentioned ASA categorizations represents individual who is brain-dead?ASA IASA IIIASA VASA VICorrect Answer Choice D, ASA I is a normal healthy patient with no organic, physiological or psychiatric perturbation. ASA III are patients with terrible systemic disease. These patients have some in operation(p) restrictions but no major danger of decease. EG controlled congestive bosom failure, electrostatic ang ina, old bosom onslaught, ill controlled high blood pressure, unwholesome fleshiness etc.ASA V is a stagnant patient who is non expected to last without the operation. This patient has at hand hazard of decease, multi-organ failure, sepsis etc. ASA VI is a patient declared encephalon dead whose variety meats are upstage for giver intents. Mention hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASA_physical_status_classification_systemWhich of the undermentioned ASA categorizations represent a normal healthy patient?ASA IASA IIIASA VASA VICorrect Answer Choice A, ASA I is a normal healthy patient. ASA III patients suffer from a terrible systemic disease. These patients have some useable boundaries, nevertheless no cardinal danger of decease. ASA V is a morbid patient who is non expected to last without an operation and is impending upon decease and multi-organ failure. ASA VI is a patient acknowledged as encephalon dead. Mention hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/ASA_physical_status_classification_systemWhich of the followers is an illustration of a symptom?PainJaundiceHeatHeart MurmurCorrect Answer Choice A, symptoms are as any characteristic which is noticed by the patient. A mark is noticed by the doctor. Jaundice, heat and bosom mutter are marks because they are perceptible by others, such as the physician Mention hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SymptomThe wont of masticating beetling British pound should be record under which classChief ailmentSocial HistoryDental historyFamily historyCorrect Answer Choice B, The Social history is the turn toing familial, professional, and leisure facets of the patient s personal life that have the possible to be clinically important. Dental history references past dental processs and jobs. Medical history is information gained by the doctor by examining the patient. History of present unwellness, household diseases and societal history inquiries are included. Family history adr esses upsets from inherited from blood relations of the patient have suffered. Mentions hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel_quidWhat is the approximative overall U.S. mortality rate of infectious endocarditis10 %20 %30 %40 %Correct Answer Choice D, morbific endocarditis affects more than 15000 patients yearly in the U.S. and mortality rate is 40 % . Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th erectile dysfunctionsWhat is the most common mark of a morbific endocarditis?Osler s nodesRoth musca volitanssFeverClubbing of the figureCorrect Answer Choice C, fever. The most common indexs of morbific endocarditis are fever, bosom mutter, and positive blood civilization. Roth musca volitanss are found on the retina, and clubbing of the figures are marks of morbific endocarditis Osler s nodes are found on the fingers. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th ed page 25Which of the followers has the higher frequence of doing bac teriemia? condom dike matrix with cuneus arrangementChewing nutrient descent canal therapyToothbrushing and flossingCorrect Answer Choice D, tooth brushing and flossing. Tooth brushing and flossing can take bacteriemia in add-on, there is a 68 % opportunity of childbed bacteriemia. Choice B, masticating nutrient has up to 51 % opportunity of doing bacteriums. Choice A, the maunder elastic dike and cuneus arrangement has a 32 % opportunity, and pick C, root canal therapy has up to 20 % opportunity. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th ed page 28Which of the following have the highest life-time hazard of geting morbific endocarditis?Arthritic bosom diseaseHistory of old endocarditisPatients with mechanical valvesMitral valve prolapsed with regurgitationCorrect Answer Choice B, history of old endocarditis 740 good deal for every 100,000 incidence of morbific endocarditis. Choice D, mitral valve prolapsed with regurgitation 52 people for every 100,000 inci dence. Choice A, Rheumatic febrility has 380-440 people for every 100,000 incidence, patients with mechanical valves 308-383/100k incidence. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th ed page 21The extremum plasma concentration of two gms of amoxicillin is reach at about two hours after unwritten disposal. How long does an acceptable MIC for 2g of Amoxil last?Two hoursFour HourssSix HourssEight HourssCorrect Answer Choice C, Six hr is how long 2g should hold and acceptable MIC for. Mention Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th ed page 32What is the name given to a transplant that is taken from a different species?AutograftAlloplastHeterograftIsograftCorrect Answer Choice C, A Xenograft is from a different species. All of the transplants mentioned are types of grafts. Choice A, an autoplasty comes from ego. Choice B, an alloplast is from a man-made beginning. Choice D, is an isograft comes from a twin. Mention Dental Management of Medically Comp romised Patients 7th ed page 36.Which of the followers is NOT caused by HPV?Heck s DiseaseSquamous Cell CarcinomaOral Hairy LeukoplakiaSquamous PapillomaCorrect Answer Choice C, Oral Hairy Leukoplakia is caused by Epstein-Barr virus and HIV. Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Squamous villoma and Heck s Disease are all caused by an infection with HPV. Mentions Dental Management of Medically Compromised Patients 7th erectile dysfunctions. hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heck % 27s_disease, hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma,hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_papilloma

Crime and Victimization Essay

In our scenario, Dr. ODonnell touched on the psychodynamic hypothesis of crime. This theory suggests that a person beams a crime because of an unbalanced or unsociable personality. These offenders may have also been bulled or ab utilize as children which may have led to their instability. An example of this theory is the case of Adam Lanza. On December 14, 2012, Mr. Lanza entered Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Ct and opened fire on the school. He shot and killed twenty children and cardinal adults earlier turning the gun on himself. According to investigative reports, Mr. Lanza was timid as a young pre-teen and then developed into a mentall(a)y unstable adult who was a virtual recluse and had an obsession with throne murder and war. Although Mr. Lanza was taken out of public school at 16 and homeschooled by his mother, in that location was nothing to suspect he would later commit such a horrible act. at that place was no indication of a motive and because Mr. Lan za took his own life we will never know why. There are some indications he had an obsession with mass murder and composed numerous paper clippings and stories of these crimes especially the Columbine High School shooting, however, there were no indications of abuse. This leads us to believe that a mental or personality disorder may have been at play.Unfortunately, crime is everywhere slightly us. In my own metropolitan area there was recently a horrible event. On January 26 Darion Aguilar arrived at Columbia Mall in Columbia, Md. He hung around the mall for a short while before assembling a shotgun in a back board then opening fire at a retail entrepot killing two people then himself. Howard County Police department were called and investigated the incident. They base that Mr. Aguilar had no criminal record and legally purchased the gun he used about a month before the incident. Because this was an event that took place locally the Howard County Police Department had jurisdict ion over this case. This was appropriate because it did not address state lines or involve drugs or otherillegal activity. maculation the S.W.A.T team was deployed no other agencies were actively involved.Recently our neighborhood was attacked by a group of juveniles from another local area. Some of my neighbors property was destroyed, windows broken, and numerous items stolen. Our community sits off of a major highway, however, it is not very well lit and we do not have a security person or Neighborhood Watch group. If we were to adopt Sgt. Evans suggestions of adding more(prenominal) lights and video cameras, I think we would have a better hap of making sure this type of thing doesnt happen. Also, I tone of voice like if we were to add a Neighborhood Watch program and we all became actively involved in it, we would see that these kids would be deterred from coming around. I also think that it would be a good idea to levy the curfew rule we have in place now. Children under t he age of 18 are to be indoors by 9 p.m. during the week and 10 p.m. on the weekends. I feel like the parents of the kids who are causing problems destiny to be held responsible to some extent. If they made sure the kids were in at curfew then again we would not have such a problem.References nurture retrieved fromwww.cnn.com/2013/11/25/justicewww.wjla.com/articles/2014/01www.washingtonpost.com/politics/SandyHook

Catholic Religion Against Birth Control Essay

Religion Against Birth Control The Catholic Church has had a ban on kin rule from the earliest days of the Bible. The catholics suppose that kindred fancy is absolutely wrong, and a grave sin. Birth control has been around at least since the times of the ancient Greeks and Romans . During these days birth control came in the form of animal skin condoms and various poisons to be used as spermicides (Catholic Church Birth Control. ). Catholic believers were told to bewilder every new born conduct as a chip in from God. The first ever mentioning on banning birth control is in the book of Genesis 88-10. The next mention on birth control being wrong is located in the book of Deuteronomy 231 (Catholic Church Birth Control. ). Catholic families were told then to actively seek in having as many children as they possibly can. The to a greater extent children that Catholic families have, the more Catholics there are to spread that way of life and to pay the church serve wells tithes . The barrier methods of birth control, such as the condom, the cervical cap, the birth control pill and Depo Provera are public opinion to interfere with the act of conception (Epigee HOME. ).Preventing the egg from being fertilized by a sperm may hinder a womans pregnancy and stop the set-back of the pregnancy stage. Purposely stopping the joining of an egg and sperm is notion to be a sin, therefore these forms of birth control are not accepted. Since then Catholic leaders have become very roughshod about the Obama healthcare law which is forcing Catholic schools, hospitals, and charities to buy birth control pills, abortion-producing drugs, and sterilization coverage for their employees (Obama vs. Catholics The War on Religious Freedom. ) Barack Obama and Kathleen Sebelius think that the church is wrong, and that it should grant women access to contraception (avoid pregnancy) despite their moral opposition. The battle betwixt the Catholic Church and the Obama administration has landed in headlines today. As the church begins a fight against Obamas January 20th Health and Human Services assign that Catholic employers and insurance agencies should bear contraception, sterilization, and abortifacients to employees and clients(Obama vs. Catholics The War n Religious Freedom. ) In ruling, the Administration has cast aside the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, denying Catholics the states first and most fundamental freedom, that of religious liberty. As a result, unless the rule is overturned, Catholics will be force to either violate their consciences, or to drop health coverage for their employees. There is no war on religious freedom there is, however, a war on women and a combined effort to deny us our rights to fair and equal treatment, at a lower place the disguise of eligious freedom. Even if we try to force the Catholic Church to provide a service that srikes on its doctrine because its a service we want, then we forfeit a sacred freedom. If we are willing to disembarrass freedom for accomodation, then we have lost sight of the real theatrical role for which this country was founded. Works Cited Catholic Church Birth Control. Lisa Shea. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. .

Health Policies in Relation to Nurse to Patient Ratio Essay

One suggested fire to ensure safe and in force(p) persevering sustentation has been to decree admit staffing proportions. In 1999 atomic number 20 became the first state to mandate marginal concur-to- patient of ratios in hospitals. calcium is not the only state to ordain stripped-down nurse staffing ratios for hospitals, bothwhere the past four years at least 18 early(a) states fuddle considered statute regarding nurse staffing in hospitals. Policymakers ar strained to consider alternatives to nurses ratios due to nurse deficits. Whether stripped staffing ratios go out improve operative conditions comely to increase nurse supplement is un comen.The United States wellness precaution dodging has changed significantly over the past two decades. Advances in technology and an develop population (baby boomers) have led to changes in the structure, organization, and delivery of wellness reverence services (Spetz, 2001). Low nurse staffing levels in astute do le out hospitals are jeopardizing the quality of patient care and is the leading caexercising for Registered Nurses (RNs) to leave the calling (Spetz, Seago, et al., 2000). Apprehension for the care for flirtforce and the safety of patients in the U.S. healthcare scheme now has the unprecedented attention of healthcare insurance policy leaders at every level (Spetz, 2001). One suggested approach to ensure safe and effective patient care has been to mandate nurse staffing ratios (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005).In 1999 calcium did well(p) that, it became the first state to enact legislation mandating borderline nurse-to-patient ratios in acute care hospitals (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005). congregation nozzle 394 (1999), directed the California Department of wellness Services (DHS) to effectuate specific nurse-to-patient ratios for yardbird units in acute care hospitals. This was d cardinal by creating a hospital Licensed nurses p otpourri to al down in the mouthly in twain RNs and authorise vocational nurses (LVNs) in addition referred to as license unimaginative nurses (LPNs) (California, 2002 July).This was not the first time a legislation had contemplated a nurse-to-patient ratio. In 1996, proposition 216 would have established staffing standards for all licensed health care facilities in addition to creating a statewide health insurance trunk (California, 2002 Janurary). The ballot propositionthat was rejected by the voters in 1996. Again in 1998, crowd Bill 695 was introduced and approved by the state general assembly scarcely vetoed by then Gov. Pete Wilson (California, 2002 Janurary). Intense lobbying by unions representing California nurses would change everything with the portrayal of Assembly Bill 394 (California, 2002 July).The intense lobbing paid off with the election of a new governor, grey Davis, in November 1998, who was endorsed by unions representing nurses and different worker s (Spetz, Seago, et al., 2000). California DHS proposed the lower limit nurse-to-patient ratios (California Hospital, 2004). Thus cooking stoved from genius nurse per patient in operating entourage to one nurse per eight infants in newborn nurseries. The DHS proposed that the negligible ratios for medical-surgical and reclamation units be phased in (California Hospital, 2004). They initially set nominal ratios for these units at one RN or LVN per six patients and within twelve to eighteen months the conclusion was to shift to one nurse per five patients (California, 2002 July).Prior California right regarding nurse staffing in acute care hospitals were extended under Assembly Bill 394 (1999). State and federal regulations affect the demand for licensed nurses. to a lower place the 1976-77 state legislative session, California hospitals must have a minimum ratio of one licensed nurse per two patients in intensifier care and coronary care units (California Hospital, 2003). Fe derally certified nursing homes are postulate to have a RN director of nursing and a RN on duty 8 hours a day, seven long time a week (California state). If the facility has under 60 beds, the director of nursing can serve as the RN on duty (Harrington, 2001).This legislation also requires that at least half of licensed nurses working in intensive care and coronary care units be RNs (California state ,Title 22, partition 5, Chapter 1, denomination 6, Section 70495(e).) Legislation enacted in the early 1990s requires hospitals to use patient classification systems to experience nurse staffing ask for inpatient units on a shift-by-shift basis and to staff accordingly (California state ,Title 22, Division 5, Chapter 1, clause 6, Section 70495(e)).In January 2004, hospitals also will face minimum licensed nurse-to-patientratio requirements in other hospital units, as established by Assembly Bill 394 (California state, Chapter 945, Statutes of 1999). Numerous estimates of the effec t of these ratios on demand for licensed nurses have been published. The DHS analysis, conducted by researchers at the University of California, Davis, predicts that 5,820 new nurses will be take in California hospitals to meet the staffing requirements (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, et al., 2002). Other analyses conducted by independent researchers have reported that the change magnitude demand for nurses due to the ratios could be as low as 1,600 (Spetz, 2002).Growing numbers of research associates important benefits for patients and nurses will splay with the Assembly Bill 394 (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, 2002). It has been argued that nurse staffing levels are now so low as to jeopardize the well- creation of hospital patients (California. Office of the Governor, 2002). Supporting Assembly Bill 394, minimum nurse-to-patient ratios assure quality by establishing a minimum standard below which no hospital can fall (Assembly Bill 394, 1999). Researchers disagree with Californias statute req uiring use of acuity- found patient classification systems because it is inadequate and difficult to determine whether hospitals are complying with this mandate (California Hospital, 2004). Instead they take for a, simple minimum ratios to enable nurses, patients, and family members to easily identify and report inpatient units with dangerously low staffing levels (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005).It is believed that working conditions have a handsome puzzle out on the number of persons willing to practice nursing in hospitals (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002). To intimately, minimum staffing ratios would improve working conditions, which would in turn reduce the numbers of nurses release hospital positions and the nursing profession (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005). Creating a better work environs and conditions also may attract to a greater extent young persons to nursing (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002). change magnitude attention to nursing and rising salaries are already raising pertain levels the American sleeper of Colleges of Nursing reports that enrollments in baccalaureate nursing programs increased in 2001, for thefirst time in six years (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2001).The Assembly Bill 394 (1999), is great and will create a safer environs for patients, and staffing ratios would help to alleviate the nursing shortage but without nurses to meet the ratios one cannot uphold and follow the nurse-patient-ratios. This is why California Governor Gray Davis denote the Nurse Workforce Initiative in his January 2002 State-of-the-State speech (California. Office of the Governor, 2002). The use of the Nurse Workforce Initiative (NWI) is to develop and devour proposals to recruit, train, and retain nurses both to lecture the current shortage of nurses in California and to support capital punishment of new hospital nurse-to-patient staffing ratios also announced in late January 2002 (Seago, Spetz , Coffman, Rosenoff, ONeil, 2003).The Governor made available $60 million over tether years for the NWI (California, 2002 July). His goal is to use components designed to address the nurse shortage using both short and longer term strategies. This can range from working in partnership with local hospitals, scholarships for nursing students, career head for the hills projects, workplace reform efforts, and other strategies to increase the number of nurses (California, 2002 July). An evaluation will be done to determine which strategies to increase the supply of nurses are most effective and improve the understanding of the labor market dynamics for nurses (Seago, et al, 2003).Whether minimum staffing ratios will improve working conditions enough to increase nurse supply is unknown. The experience of hospitals in Victoria, Australia, one of the few jurisdictions to implement minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in hospitals, is instructive (Needleman, Buerhaus, Mattke, Stewart, Zelevinsk y, 2001). Large numbers of nurses returned to the nursing profession after the minimum ratios were established. However, hospitals continued to face a shortage of nurses, because there were not enough returning nurses to meet demand, forcing hospital to close hospital beds (Needleman, Buerhaus, Mattke, Stewart, Zelevinsky, 2001).Besides, minimum staffing ratios address only one piece of the dissatisfaction with hospital nursing. Staffing is a major vexation of umpteen nurses, but RN job satisfaction indicates that they are also dissatisfied with other aspects of their work, including low salaries, lack of control over work schedules, lack of opportunities for advancement, lack of support from nursing administrators, lack of input into policy and management decisions, and inadequate support staff to perform non nursing tasks (Spetz, 2002).Maine and mammy state affiliates cut their ties with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 2001, in large part because they did not fully agre e with the ANAs opposition to minimum nurse-to-patient ratios (American Nurses Association, 2003). This led to the establishment of the American Association of Registered Nurses in February 2002, leaders of unions representing nurses in California, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Pennsylvania joined to establish a new national sleeper (New England, 2005). The unions will join forces on national projects and support one another(prenominal)s state legislative, collective bargaining, and organizing campaigns.Further research is needed to establish the number of states in which nurses unions have sufficient political power to enact minimum nurse-to-patient ratios. In the short term, the number of states is likely to be small. Californias rate of unionization among nurses, approximately 25 percent, is much higher(prenominal) than that of most states (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, 2002). In addition, ANA affiliates are more than powerful in other states than in California. Proactive ANA af filiates may be able to persuade policymakers to implement other reforms that address nurses concerns almost hospital staffing (American Nurses Association, 2003). Other important variables include the political influence of state AHA affiliates and elected officials ties to organized labor (American Nurses Association, 2003).California is not the only state to enact minimum nurse staffing ratios for hospitals, over the past four years at least eighteen other states have considered legislation regarding nurse staffing in hospitals (New England, 2005). Twelve states have considered notes that would mandate minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in hospitals. Fourteen states have consideredlegislation that attempts to address nurses concerns about staffing through other means, such as requiring hospitals to develop staffing plans based on patient acuity, mandating disclosure of nurse staffing ratios, and establishing a task force to canvass and monitor nurse staffing. Oregon, has enacted legislation that requires acuity-based staffing plans (New England, 2005).Policymakers in other states may beseech to consider a well-designed acuity-based ratio system as an alternative to minimum nurse-to-patient ratios (New England, 2005). Many states have regulations that require hospitals to use patient classification systems to determine nurse staffing, but these regulations face much criticism, as discussed above. Although many of these regulative systems do not function well today, they could form the basis for stiff but flexible staffing regulations in the future (New England, 2005). States could mandate particular patient classification systems, develop methods of ensuring that staff and patients are aware of the required staffing during every shift, and establish effective enforcement mechanisms (New England, 2005).Alternatively, states could require that hospitals submit information relevant to their staffing needs every quarter and could mandate a ratio for that qua rter based on an analysis of patients needs, availability of support staff, and other factors (New England, 2005). Texas is pursuing a totally different approach to the nursing situation that is tailored to the crotchety circumstances of individual hospitals. Under regulations issued 24 March 2002, hospitals are required to establish committees to develop nurse staffing plans and to use data on nurse-sensitive patient outcomes to assess and adjust staffing plans (Texas Nurses Association, 2002). At least one-third of the members of these committees must be RNs engaged primarily in direct patient care (Institute, 1999).The minimal nurse staffing on patient acuity or nurse-sensitive outcomes respond to nurses justifiable concerns about hospital staffing without imposing rigid mandates (Harrington, 2001). The flexible staffing approaches seem more appropriate than ratios, given the complexity and rapid pace oftechnology changing the delivery of hospital care. (Harrington, 2001). Nurs es job satisfaction and retention may call down the opportunities for hospital nurses to play a more direct role in staffing decisions (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002).The key is without more nurses no ratio can be met. So the focus needs shift on reaching as many young people as possible by showing them that they to could be a good fit in the nursing community. They need to know that nurses are people too, and the traits of a nurse, such as not being squeamish over the sight of blood comes with time. Stepping out into the high schools and publicise information about nurses can translate into only one thing, more students who pursue a nursing career. There is no better authority to start, than by planting a seed in the mind of a young person who is about to step out into the world and acquire a career. The more educating and qualified young people health care workers can get to chose a nursing career, the better off the nurse-to-patient ratio becomes, allowing for a safer environme nt for future patients, by permitting more effective health care.ReferencesAiken, L., & Clarke, S., & Sloane, D. (2002). Hospital Restructuring Does It AdverselyAffect Care and Outcomes? Journal of Nursing Administration, 30(10), 457-465.American Nurses Association. (2003). Nurse Staffing Plans and Ratios. Retrieved June, 10, 2007, from http//nursingworld.org/GOVA/ render/2003/ratio1203.pdfAmerican Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2001, December 20). Enrollments Rise at U.S. Nursing Colleges and Universities Ending a Six-Year Period of Decline, Press Release, Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/NewsReleases/enrl01.htmAssembly Bill 394. (1999). Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//info.sen.ca.gov/pub/99-00/bill/asm/ab_0351-0400/ab_394_cfa_19990628_171358_sen_comm.htmlCalifornia Hospital Association. (2004). Californias nurse-to-patient staffing ratios Proposedmodifications. Retrieved March 14, 2005 from http//www.calhealth.org/public/press/Article/124/Ratio%20Mod ifications%20Fact%20Sheet%20finaCalifornia Hospital Association. (2003, September). Hospital minimum nurse-to-patient ratios asrequired by AB 394. Retrieved April 13, 2005 fromhttp//www.calhealth.org/public/press/Article/113/Nurse%20Ratio%20chart.pdfCalifornia. Office of the Governor. (2002, January 22). Governor Gray Davis Announces Proposed Nurse-to- uncomplaining Ratios. Press Release, Sacramento Office of the Governor.California. Office of the Governor. (2002, July 15). Sets Nations runner Safe Nursing Standards Governor Davis Announces Nurse-to-Patient Ratios, Press Release, Retrieved 10 June, 2007, fromhttp//www.calnurses.org/nursing-practice/ratios/ratios_index.htmlCalifornia state legislature Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//www.legislature.ca.gov/Donaldson, N., & FAAN, B., & Bolton, L., & Janet E., & Meenu Sandhu, M. (2005, August 08). New study examines impact of nurse-patient ratios law, California. Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from Policy, politics & Nursing Practices w ebsite http//ppn.sagepub.comHarrington, Charlene. 2001. Nursing Facility Staffing Policy A Case Study for Political Change. Policy, Politics, and Nursing Practice, 2(2), 117-127.Institute for health and Socio-Economic Policy. (1999 September). California Health Care Sicker Patients, Fewer RNs, Fewer Staffed Beds. Retrieved 10 June, 2007 from www.calnurse.org/cna/pdf/StaffingRatios6.pdfKravitz, R., & Sauve, M., & Hodge, M. (2002). Hospital NursingStaff Ratios and flavor of Care. University of California Davis, report submitted to State of California, Department of Health Services, Licensing andCertification.Needleman, J., & Buerhaus, P., & Mattke, S., & Stewart, M., & Zelevinsky, K. (2001). Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes in Hospitals. Washington DC Bureau of Health Professions, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved June, 10, 2007, from http//bhpr.hrsa.gov/nursing/staffstudy.htmNew England public policy center and the Massachusetts health policy forum. (2005, July). Nurse-to-patient ratios Research and reality. Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//www.bos.frb.org/economic/neppc/conreports/2005/conreport051.pdfSpetz,

Analysis of Wal-Mart Managerial Accounting Process Essay

Company interpretationFor the final project of managing finance Wal-Mart Stores Inc is chosen as the give-and-take target. beingness one of the grocery retail shop leaders in the world, Wal-Mart (WM) operates phone line with 10,000 retail units in 27 countries with ab step up USD444 million of sales in 2012 (Wal-Mart home rogue 2012). Driven by the corporal strategies, WM growth rapidly around the world. To concur the growth, grapplerial usefulness in the unconscious processs is very important. Since calculate is the first base step which put managers programme into operation, lets take a close look at WMs budgeting adjoin.Budgeting workBudget reflects a play alongs plan, both long and lilliputian landmark, to accomplish chore objectives. The focus of the WMs budgeting remains is on providing remediate quality and services to the customers. WM follows needed considerations in its budgeting offshoot and procedures. They implements flexible budget in its business th at identifies over precede speak to drivers and allocates seat of government to those over head be properly. through with(predicate) this way, WM is able to make a budget for various levels of activity. WM set goals and objectives and define their mission and vision clearly in their budgeting process. They plan for the stock requirement in collection to achieve the forecasted level of sales. Budgeting process is besides helperful to measure the performance of divers(prenominal) de infractments in WM. It enables them to manage costs of different levels of action by weighing the existent costs against the budgeted cost (Plunkett, Attner & Allen, 2011, p. 558-560).WM takes corrective action to control those costs in ordinate to make this closer the flexible budget prepared in advance. WM commune goals and targets of each employee through budget and continuous bailiwick back to the corporate on operation, investing funds and financial activities based on budget teaching . Its budgeting procedures help WM to be competitive in cost and to economically use the resources that do better revenue for the company. In contrast to this, in this procedure, prediction is laborious for the manager because they believe on a range of estimates of what to expect financially. In addition, this process also depends on various variables that affects to each other. It is very change to prepare and difficult to understand for other employees of the company (Axson, 2010, p. 132-140).Management story SystemManagement manner of accounting constitution (MAS) in WM play a crucial role to rectify their business activities utileness. Management accounting data are collected, stored and prepared through use of well designed accounting swearation system. It simplifies getting information to people outside of the organization when necessary. Through use of MAS, WM stops its initial purchase price of raw material including subsequent operating and maintenance costs. M AS help to evaluate the pricing structures effectiveness by showing cost, sales and revenue data. It gives idea to the company to decide the price of the product to be competitive in the marketplace. WM disseminates this information to its various parties through conductingformal and informal meetings, conferencing, global acquitwork and employees peck proficiencys (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2010, p. 720-722).Moreover, WM mainly uses its accounting insures based on principles of GAAP to make inform its stakeholders about its financial position. WM uses the strategic management accounting system which helps to conjure up the effectiveness of decision making within the company. WM use MAS for everything from entering in new market to vendors/products selection and even new pricing process, promotional material strategies and to distribution (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2007).The accounting information from MAS of WM helps in planning, controlling and other managerial activities . Their system also able to come up all diversity of alternatives with integrated accounting information which assist management to find out the best strategy for organizational effectiveness improvement (Wal-Mart homepage 2012). WM disseminate managerial accounting information through budgets for all departments which help all departments to drive proper integration in all kind of activities within the company.WM currently uses Vision Suite accounting software package that includes different aspects of finance interchangeable AR/AP, general ledger, check writing and external accounting integration. This software is faster and relatively cheaper and generates accounting documents automatically. Through this, many types of useful reports after part be generated for management to make decisions. On the other side, it rump be susceptible for computer viruses and hackers. In absence of proper control and security, it foot create problems for the confidentiality of the company ( Gilbertson & Lehman, 2008, p. 6, 437 ). appealing SystemIn term of cost process, WM is focus on inventory control since that is the most important part of their business to determine its advantageousness. To determine the cost of inventory, WM uses several cost method. In order to reduce inventory cost as well as determining accurate cost of products, WM uses both LIFO and FIFO. By victimization the retail method of accounting, inventories are at low cost or at to the lowest degree at market rate. This will help to enlarge the effectiveness of operation since WM is retailbusiness and this will facilitates competitive good over competitors. According to WMs 2012 annual report, they use LIFO to determine weighting average cost for products in US and for inventories for international operations are using the FIFO method (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 31). These differences way of costing will enhance effectiveness of the company in managing cost. WM accomplish their strategy, e veryday low cost approach (EDLC) through these costing method (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 18).So as to allocate cost to different products, WM uses the activity based costing (ABC) system. ABC system enables the WM to better understand the cost structure and cost drivers. On the stern of this, WM takes effective decisions regarding price structure. The ABC approach croupe exhibit the actual work done relating with production more accurately in order to be useful in management accounting. The ABC system is use by management to collect a full cost view. VM can reduce the overhead cost by minimizing the number of cost drivers (Leitner, 2007, p. 5).In contrast to this, there is possibility that as per this method, costs can be more than profits. Apart from this, it also requires data input from multiple departments that can create greater risk of failure of data inputs. The cost of managing the system is also high ascribable to having more cost pool volume. For instance, Wal-M art is a large organization, as cost accounting information is difficult to separate, due to the presence of multiple product lines and numerous machine setups in compound production environments (Drury, 2006, p. 350-362).Capital Decision Making ProcessEvaluation of investment appraisal techniques is useful in slap-up decision making process by bringing together financial and strategic aspects of the project. The peachy investment decisions of WM are mainly driven by its financial priorities such(prenominal) as growth, leverage and returns on investment. The major concern of WM is international expansion and its profitability (Wal-Mart annual report 2012, page 28). WM select and manage projects through the downstairs steps1. Project information collection collect information such as past performance, costs, benefits and associated risks. 2. Evaluating the project Use cost benefit outline, net present value, IRR etc to evaluate the project. WM uses discounted hard cash flow ( DCF) investment appraisal technique in jacket crown decision making process. They only invest its capital in projects that meet stringent payback periods and yield at least a required rate of return in a DCF analysis (Brigham & Daves, 2012, p. 544-549). 3. Selecting project WM uses NPV and IRR method to evaluate projects alternative. For selecting projects, they will based on different criteria of the projects, but also fetching into account the incremental revenue, time, company temper etc..The above help WM to ensure optimal utilization of their capital resources. For example, WMs new solar project in California, they foc utilize on DCF method to decide that it should invest its capital in this project or not. afterwards implementing this technique, WM determined the average payback period for its energy saving projects that was 6.3 months. It also provided an annual return on investment of 190 percent on these projects that was profitable for the company. Therefore, WM wants to consider these discount flow values for its new solar project in order to make profits as forthcoming prospective (Ailworth, 2012).Capital StructureIn term of capital scholarship decision, the main criteria are the long term sustainability and stability in performance. The cash flow is the main source of capital that ensures the long term success. WM considers market position, market trend, credit policy, financial status and stakeholders interests before deciding the best sources of acquiring financial capital. Sometimes, it also considers the financing cost to arrange the capital for running its operations. Credit rating of the company influences the WMs decision on capital structure because its good rating helps it to take the credit from the financial institutions (Kronwald, 2010, p. 5-16).Instead of issuing common justness, WM is relying more on funds adoption from market. Additionally, capital structure of WM is risky as their financingrely severely on debt or loans t hat may impact earnings. WM has been operating at 1.71 debt equity ratio (Yahoo pay, 2012). Funding decisions of WM is associated with capital rising through debt more because of taking benefits of tax deduction and lower financing cost. It has some implications such as funds generation positive impact on financial upshot or company performance and meeting needs on operation and investment (Seidman, 2004, p. 77-80). This is important to maintain low capital cost firearm achieving the company goals in the capital structure of the company (Wal-Mart Annual report 2012 page 28).ConclusionIn order for the company to make effective managerial decision, various kinds of processes and approaches in budgeting and costing are necessary. WM implemented a well quality budgeting process which improves their effectiveness in accomplishing their objectives. Their budgeting process helps to actuate and improve effectiveness of employees and also help to create long term objective for the organi zation. They use MAS to do have the most cost effective vendors and products selection and also to manage all the accounting information to improve the effectiveness of the managerial decision. In order to reduce the total cost of products and maintain competitive position in the market, WM selected the appropriated costing process and procedure. granted their effective method of capital resources and effective capital structure for obtaining capital which helps WM to be efficiency in a lot of capital decision making as well as objectives accomplishment. In summary, the overall managerial accounting practices with WM is quite effective.Information Sources and MethodologyMost of the information of this discussion was collecting from the annual report of WM for 2012. In addition, finance text books, journals and meshing sites are being used as well. For the annual report, 3 geezerhood has been reviewed in order to have a more clear portray of their growth as well as if there were any managerial practices or process been changed. A lot of information about WMs financial and managerial accounting systems such as budgeting/costing process, capital structure etc are available in thoseresources. Observation methodology is used to analyze information.ReferencesAilworth, E. (2012). Walmart to install solar panels on 27 stores in Mass. Retrieved from http//bostonglobe.com/business/2012/05/14/walmart-install-solar-panels-stores-mass/kxHjt9sQrPxSvN5sPWTjsN/story.html Accessed on Oct 25, 2012Brigham & Daves, P. R. (2012). Intermediate Financial Management. USA Cengage Learning.Drury, C. (2006). Cost and Management be An Introduction. USA Cengage Learning EMEA.Gilbertson, C. B. & Lehman, M. W. (2008). Fundamentals of Accounting Course 1. USA Cengage Learning.Kronwald, C. (2010). Credit Rating and the Impact on Capital Structure. Germany smiling Verlag.Leitner, A. (2007). Activity Based Costing. Germany GRIN Verlag.Needles, B. E., Powers, M. & Crosson, S. V. (2010). F inancial and Managerial Accounting. USA Cengage Learning.Plunkett, W. R., Attner, R. F. & Allen, G. S. (2011). Management. USA Cengage Learning.Axson, D. J. (2010). outgo Practices in Planning and Performance Management Radically Rethinking Management for a Volatile World. USA John Wiley & Sons.Seidman, K. F. (2004). Economic Development Finance. UK SAGE.Yahoo Finance (2012). Retrieved from http//in.finance.yahoo.com/q?s=WMT Accessed on Oct 25, 2012Walmart Homepage 2012. Retrieved from http//corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-stores Accessed on Oct 25, 2012Walmart Annual report 2010 to 2012. Retrieved from http//stock.walmart.com/annual-reports Accessed on Oct 25, 2012

New Technology: Police Body Worn Cameras Essay

Our department is currently going to purchase new applied science in the form of policeman feeble cameras. Over the next pentad years this technology will be put in place. The constabulary department will see many benefits from this technology in the areas of secernate preservation, invalidated obligation and improved efficiency for the police department. The officer bony camera is a device that has become cost effective and in effect(p) in size and capabilities. The camera is attached to the Officers uniform and allows the officer to enchant pic and audio of his activities throughout his tour of duty. This will be apply to document traffic stops, consent searches and res gestae statements made to officers.The officer worn camera will reduce false allegations made against officers, and the investigative bang that comes along with these allegations. The future benefits from the officer worn cameras in the reduction of liability to the city, the police department and the o fficer. According to Sir Ronnie Flanagans policing review published hold up week, not only do cameras provide improved evidence, they can also reduce the eon taken to file incident tracks by 22 per cent, which would give officers an extra 50 minutes of patrol time per officer per day, according to the report (Kelly, 2008)In this new era of budget shortfalls and minor manpower this new technology can provide a to a greater extent efficient police department by freeing up time that is normally spent on unnecessary investigations. Implementing reporting procedures using cameras and video can also reduce time spent on report writing duties. In Conclusion, the purchase of the officer worn cameras will reduce liability in cases where false accusations are made. Video statements can be used preserve evidence and the capability of reporting will become a more efficient police department.ReferencesFoster, R. E. (2005). Police technology. Upper burden River, NJ Pearson Prentice HallKel ly, N. (2008). Police pilot body-worn cameras. Computing, 6. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/212414151?accountid=32521

World Religions Study Exam Study Guide

EXAM REVIEW HRF3O1 Unit 1 Approaches to Religion 1. rationalize the so utiliseing of the following terms * Ascetic, Agnostic, Polytheistic, Mo nonheistic, Religious craving, Sacred, instaurationly, Animism and Hu spellist Ascetic atomic account 53 who practices very strict devotions using sever of egotism-denial. Agnostic A somebody who doubts that humans enkindle know the lastence of a possible beau steml and the possible existence of anything beyond this life. Polytheism Belief in more than unityness god. Mo nonheistic Believing in only iodin deity. Religious Impulse The universal urge to take in something beyond ourselves.Sacred Connected with faith. Secular Connected with or belonging to the material world. Animism The attri preciselyion of a animateness intelligence to plants, animals, inanimate objects, and infixed phenowork forcea. Humanist An adherent of humanism- an verbotenlook or system of sentiment that views humankind, alternatively than spi ritei ty or religion, as the credit of all value or meaning. 2. exempt the connection (or lack of angiotensin converting enzyme) between religion and ethnicity. Religion is primarily concerned with feelings, rituals and practices, time ethnicity refers to a psyches origins, race, culture but not necessarily his or her religion. . pay back Pop finishing. interpret examples of the influence on traditional concepts of religion. Pop Culture Commercial culture establish on popular taste. A forbid influence that pop culture has had, would be the negative image we stir of Muslims, labeling them all as terrorists, based on a small minority. 4. delimitate Culture and describe how it is learned. Culture The arts and contrastive manifestations of human apt achievement regarded collectively. Culture is learned by and through with(predicate) our family, our school, our friends, and our society.Things that limit what we learn culturally could be constabularys, or societys expectatio ns of us, our class. 5. discern the worlds 3 Great Religions. why ar they submited Great? Islam, Christianity and Judaism. They argon geographically pass out, gray-headed, complex scriptures, many places of worship, involves the roles of tribe. 6. locate 3 rea countersigns race feel the rent to practice religion. People feel the need to practice religion out(a) of fear, out of wonder, to answer questions, to give them a guide in life, it helps them nonplus themselves, and so forth 7.All unearthly systems sh be some universal similarities. Identify and rationalise 3 of these. Organized institutions, Church, Synagogue, Mosque, places to practice their religions. Rules of conduct the Five Pillars, the Ten Commandments, etc. , rules they essential follow to guide them in life. Sacred writings or scriptures the source of information for their practices and beliefs, or a numinous written hi baloney. separate examples would be a belief in the afterwardlife, salvation, desires that parallel bully & immoral, etc. 8. How does religion come through both social harmony and social rig?It could provide social harmony because it brings quite a little together, gives them something to do, something to reckon in, most religions atomic number 18 based off of appraisals of right and evil, so if someone practices this, they will be moveing to stay good, therefore making social aspects better in any case. It could provide social restrain again, because there be rules to be followed in that religion, and through account there prolong been attempts to convert everyone into a certain religion, or places that lay down a read religion, makes the religion a way to control the good deal. . apologize the deviation between Fact and Opinion. How could you tell if someone is virgule? Fact A thing that is indisputably the case. Opinion A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. You could tell someone is bias ed if they have had a previous experience that makes them lean a certain way, or if they got ill-judged information from somewhere. Someone is usually bias is they have an extreme opinion- both positive or negative. 10. Provide 2 examples individually of a principal(prenominal)(a) source and a secondary source.A Primary Source could be an simple machine biography, or an interview with the person whom youre talking about. A junior-grade Source could be the Bible, or a documentary based on something that happened in history. 11. apologize the difference between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Ethnocentrism Belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. Cultural Relativism Understanding the ship canal of other(a) cultures and not judging these practices according to ones own cultural ways. Aboriginal timbreism 1. restore Residential schools. What was the purpose of these schools?Residential schools were schools that Aboriginal children were forced into, and were abused, while flock tried to assimilate them into European culture, by separating them from their pargonnts, their language and their culture. 2. Define Self Government. What did the Indian Acts of 1895 encourage? Self-Government Government of a policy-making unit by its own flock. They encouraged Aboriginal peoples to give up their culture and adopt white ways. 3. What is Oral History? light upon the primaeval views of Creation vs. our own. Oral History is the communication of stories and slightons of history by sermon fluently, listening and understanding.Aboriginal Creation stories usually involve several spirits or animals, where our Creation stories usually come from a irresponsible Creator. Unit 2 Early Religions Zoroastrianism 12. Identify the compriseer of Zoroastrianism Zarathustra was the founder of Zoroastrianism. 13. Explain the 3 similarities Zoroastrianism has with one of the Big 3 religions. (Great Religions) It is very old, it is monotheistic and conceptua lises in one dogmatic being/ perfection (Ahura Mazda), a belief in an afterlife, i. e. , good people spend their afterlife with Ahura Mazda, and bad people spend it with Angra Mainyu. (Parallels good and evils persistencies. ) 14.What is the moment of fire for Zoroastrians? Fire signifies the divine. 15. Where is Zoroastrianism origins to be found geographically? It began in Azerbaijan, Iran some 1700 BCE. 16. What atomic number 18 the cardinal main gods in Zoroastrianism? What happens to the soul after demise in Zoroastrian beliefs? The two main gods are Ahura Mazda, the good god and ultimate creator, and Angra Mainyu, the bad god and evil spirit of death and violence. 17. Explain the Zoroastrian death rituals. The bodies are placed in Dakhmas where the bones are picked clean by vultures. 18. Explain the attributeism used in the Faravahar. What does each recrudesce submit?The Faravahar, is to re discernment one of the purpose of life on this earth, which is to live in su ch a way that the soul progresses spiritually and attains union with Ahura-Mazda. Center Circle Represents the soul of the individual. Wings Allow the soul to progress and evolve. Five layers of wings consist the pentad divine songs (Gathas) of Zarathustra, the five divisions of the twenty-four hour degree (Gehs), and the five senses. Long Curved Legs Represents the opposing forces of good and evil. A conflict occurs between the two and a person essential read which path to follow. Tail Helps the soul to balance itself between these forces (like a rudder).Three layers of the underside wager1. Good thoughts2. Good deeds3. Good words Head every(prenominal) soul has free choice to either obey or disobey the divine natural laws. Ring in Hands Symbolizes the wheels of rebirth on this earth and planes the soul privy undergo. Jainistism 1. In what ways does a Jain achieve salvation/liberation? They must be fully severe and monasticism. A path to liberation (Moksha) consists o f i. Right Perceptionii. Right cultivate inledgeiii) Right act up They must cut back material existence to release oneself from Samara (the beat of births and re-births) 2. What is Sallekhana?Compare with anorexia. Sallekhana is the voluntary death by fasting. Anorexia is an eating dis rate where a person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight, or to lose weight. Mentally it gives the victim control when they feel they cant control other aspects of their life. Compared to Sallekhana, anorexia is a mental disorder where the person doesnt understand anymore that they can die from not eating, versus Sallekhana, where the person is wishing to achieve liberation through fasting, and is a spiritual decision to detach oneself from the material world by starving themselves to death. . Explain Karma, Moksha, and Samsara, and Atomism in the context of Jainism. Karma The sum of a persons actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future day exi stences. Moksha Release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. Samsara The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. 4. Identify 3 Rules of Conduct for a Jain and explain them. a. Ahimsa (Non-Violence, through thought word or deed) b. Celibacy c. No stealing 5. Sketch the symbol for Jainism and explain each position of the figure.Taoism 1. What does Tao mean? How is this included in Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism? Tao delegacy The demeanor. Confucianism one best maintains the Tao via alignment with existing social values, so defined by tradition and cultural morays. Taoism believes that by to follow the Tao you must sit and do nada, go with the flow as we cant have control over the way. The Shinto tradition focuses on the worship of the pure to the exclusion of the impure, and focuses on nature, although there is no Tao. 2. Explain the significance of Huang Di, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu for Taoism.Huang Di The commencement cerem ony relegate of founder for Taoism. Lao Tzu Wrote the Lao Tzu and is one of the most famous founders of Taoism. Chuang Tzu He wrote the Tao Te Ching. 3. What is the major difference between Eastern Religions and westsideern Religions in your opinion? Western religions constipate a distinction that humans are the most important, where Eastern religions tend to believe everything is alive, and has a soul. Western religions believe in a supreme creator, Eastern religions tend to believe that nature is divine, and that there is no one god.In Western religions the source of happiness and salvation are through a relationship with the supreme creator, or matinee idol, whereas Eastern religions believe that knowledge and liberation is indoors oneself. 4. Sketch a Yin-Yang in your notes. Identify 3 points for each. The small circle in each side represents that there is a little bit of dark in light and vice versa. 5. What is Wu-Wei? Provide an example. Wu-Wei government agency do noth ing, let nature take its course. If someone happens you slangt like, dont try to fight it, its natural to happen and youll be messing with lifes natural cycle if you try to cop it. . Why is Taoism concerned with physical health? Provide ways that physical health is promoted Among Taoists. Taoism believes that to keep the body pure (the vessel of the spirit) that you are to a fault being healthy spiritually. Being physically healthy helps your mind stay clear. Confucianism 1. What did Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) experience that do him so idolise? Confucius experienced heartache. His bring forth died when he was a toddler, and his mother died later on. He was born out of wed-lock, and was kicked out of him family. Confucius was kind of a loner, being giant, and ugly didnt have many friends.Confucius experienced rejection from people of power but neer stop trying. People admire Confucius for his accomplishments even when he had such a ambitious life. 2. What is the Golden Rule? Was Confucius a founder? The Golden Rule is a code of clean- supporting and morality. What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. Confucius was a founder, since he believe that no matter what rank, people should be judged based on their quality (intellect, wisdom), instead of looks , power or wealth. 3. Identify and explain the 5 honors. 1. Ren The virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity. . Yi Honesty and uprightness. 3. Zhi Knowledge 4. Xin The virtue of faithfulness and integrity 5. Li Correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship. Shintoism 1. Why is comparing Shintoism to other religions difficult? There is no founder, no ritual use of scripture, and no organized teachings. It is seen more as folklore and mythology. 2. How is Shintoism adaptable and large-minded? 3. Identify the main deities in Shintoism. Who were their takings? Who was most significant? Izanagi-no-Mikoto (brother/husband) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (sister/wife).Their offspring was Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun and Universe. Amaterasu was the most significant. 4. What is a torii gate? What is the purpose of the gate? A torii gate marks the transition from a profane place to a sacred place and is usually the entrance to a Shinto Shrine. 5. How is finish apparent in Shinto ritual and prayer? Cleanliness is an important part of Shinto and in the lead entering any sacred place on must be clean. Cleaning represents purification, and before entering some shrines, you must rinse your mouth out at a special station. 6. What exactly do Shintoists worship?Shintoists believe in worshipping the natural world to bring communion, harmony and peace with its spirits and deities through prayer and ritual. In their view, moral and physical purity is a basic law. Shintoists worship Kami, divine beings, gods/goddesses who stop the water, the ground, the air, all parts of nature. 7. What are the major Shinto varieties? Folk Shinto A looser form of Shinto, not s o involved, and revolved more slightly the basic gods and myths of Shinto. State (Shrine) Shinto There was emphasis that the emperor was a divine being, being a descendant of Amaterasu herself, making him a sort of God.Sect Shinto Practices the worship of Kami, through shrines dedicated to particular Kami. Unit 3 Eastern Religions Hindooism and Buddhism 1. What did the Indo-Europeans have to do with the origins of Hindiism? The Aryan settlers created poems and later texts on rituals and philosophical system. Aryan ghostly thought flourished between 1500 to 500 BCE and was embodied in a collection of works called Vedas, which are considered Hinduisms earliest sacred writing. To this day, Hindus consider the Vedas to be the authoritive scripture. 2. What does you are that mean? What is a Puja? You are that refers to the Hindu idea that everything and everyone is Brahma. That by worshipping other gods, you are still worshipping Brahma because he is everything. That you are in l ike manner Brahma (in a way) because Brahma is everything. Puja is a common state of grace ritual that involves offerings of flowers, forage and other articles to deities 3. Who was Mahatma Ghandi and how did Jainism influence him? Ghandi was a sedate draw who believed that things can be achieved or settled in a peaceful way. He believed that you could be against something, or protest something, without being violent, following along with Ahimsa in Jainism. . What are Bindi and Tilak? What can they mean for Hindus? The Bindi is the represent the trey eye, and to chant the 6th Chakra, is worn by marital women to show they are married and should be respected as such. Tilak is a sandalwood paste, in which there are different colours, and when worn in different colours, or fashions on the face, it shows people what God you worship. 5. Identify the 3 main Hindu Gods. Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, shivah the Destroyer. 6. What are the laws of Manu? What did this mean for Women? It is a law book that affirms the Hindu concepts of dharma, caste, and the four arms of life.It deals with religious practice, law, and politics. Brahmins stand this, but it is spurned by other castes. For women this actor they are expected to follow the rules of the Manu, which means bearing sons, never being without a mans presence, having to do traditional homework and cleaning, etc. Sort of repressed. 7. Identify and describe the main Hindu Goddesses and their consorts. Saraswati Goddess of information and the arts, which is why she is depicted holding a book and a melodious instrument called a veena. She rides a swan or peacock, her consort is Brahma.Parvati incur Goddess, worshiped as Shakti, or female energy. Changes into Durga or Kali according to different levels of anger, representing the different levels of Shakti. She is Shivas consort. Lakshmi Goddess of wealth, happiness, and good fortune. 8. What is the Ramayana and what is the significance? An Epic whi ch yields 240 000 verses. It is the story of Prince Rama, who is worshipped throughout the Hindu world as the 7th shape of God Vishnu. The epic represents the constant struggle between good and evil forces, where good eventually prevails. Intro. To Buddhism 1.Why is Buddhism becoming more popular in the West? Buddhism is becoming more popular in the West because it fills a spiritual void that Western religions cant fill. It is more of a philosophy and can appeal to anyone. It allows the idea that anyone can achieve liberation through the practice, again not ceremonies like Western religions tend to revolve around, i. e. speculation instead of church, peaceful behaviour instead of preaching beliefs, etc. 2. What does Buddhism stress? Buddhism emphasizes practicing the teachings rather than to take up in ceremony in ritual. There is likewise a large emphasis on meditation. . What does Buddhism believe about people in search of truth? 4. What is Buddhisms final goal? The ultimat e goal is to end human suffering Origins 1. When and where was Buddhism founded? It was founded in India, 6th carbon BCE. 2. Who was Siddhartha Guatama? What does his name mean? Siddhartha Guatama was the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha means the one who has achieved his goal. 3. Describe Siddharthas miraculous birth. What did the Brahmins say about Queen Mayas dream/the queer? What did King Suddhodana hop for his son and how did he protect him from the real world?Siddhartha was conceived as a baby white elephant, and his mother could see him in the womb. After 10 months of carrying the baby, his mother gave birth leaning against a tree, which move its branch to help her during labour. After he was born, water poured from the sky the tone deplete him and his mother, though he was hardly dirty. After his birth, he took 7 steps and said, This is my refinement birth. The Brahmins told Queen Maya that she would give birth to a son, and that if he judge the world, he would beco me King of all India, but if he rejected the world, he would become a redeemer of mankind.The King Suddhodana was more kindle in his son becoming a king, so he made sure Siddhartha had everything he could possibly want, and shielded him from suffering, so that he accept the world. 4. What changed Siddhartha at the age of 29? Describe what he saw. Siddhartha discovered suffering. The first day he went outside the palace he saw an old man. The next day, he saw a man riddled with disease. The third day, he saw someone pushing a cart with a corpse on it, followed by a grieving mother and her children. The last day he saw a monk, who seemed like he had been through the hardships of life, but accepted them with peace and serenity.He recognize that he too ask to solve this riddle to life. So he left his wife and son in the middle of the night. 5. What steps did Siddhartha take to find an answer on lifestyle choices? What was his conclusion? What did he learn about deeds? What state did he achieve? scratch he studied under Hindu hermits until he had learned all that they could teach. He then became an ascetic, giving up worldly pleasures and eating only a bean a day to survive. Siddhartha was close to death from fasting before his friends came and fed him. He realized that too much deprivation was as harmful as too much luxury, and the idea of the Middle Way was born. . What does Buddha mean? What did he believe about ones personal salvation? Buddha means the instruct one or the awakened one. He believed that everyone has to find their own liberation-which is within us all. 7. What Hindu aspects did Buddha accept and reject? The Buddha rejected the caste system, Hindu rituals and offerings to gods, theories, language of Sanskrit (he used Pali), nirvana being only possible for Brahmins, the pronouncement of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Concepts that he accepted are those in the idea of reincarnation. 8. Describe the First Sermon.Define dharma, bhikkus, sangha and bhikku sangha. The First Sermon was when Siddhartha went back to the 5 ascetics and told them about this Middle Way, telling them how neither extreme was good- but that the path to liberation was one of moderation. This was his first teaching, so it is known as the First Sermon. Bhikku A fully decree monk who has left his home and renounced all his possessions in order to follow the way of the Buddha. Sangha The community of Buddhistic monks and nuns. Bhikku Sangha The community of fully ordained monks and nuns. 9. Describe Buddhas death.What did he say to his followers? What state did he achieve? When he was over 80 years old the Buddha took a poisoned meal and ate- even though he knew it was poisoned, just to be courteous. He lie on his deathbed, surrounded by his followers, and he spoke In all my lifetime, two meals stand out supreme one was the meal that I ate before I sat under the Bo tree, after which I received enlightenment the other, tonight at the home of my affec tionately friend, Cunda, after which I shall receive NiNana. And he died. Buddhist Beliefs 1. How is Buddhism an introspective religion? What do Buddhist teachings express?Buddhism is an introspective religion because it is subjective, not objective. It is based off ones perception, and experiences, not good or evil. It focuses on bettering oneself, rather than changing the things around them. Buddhist teachings express that nothing is permanent, so why fret, over something when everything is perpetually changing and we cant stop it. 2. Describe women in Buddhism? Who is Buddha Tara? Women in Buddhism are as equal as men. They are allowed to become nuns, and are allowed to practice in general. It is believed that women are also able to achieve nirvana, just as much as men are.The Buddha Tara is a figure in Buddhist teachings- who vowed to take rebirth as a woman until she became a Buddha. 3. Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta are the characteristics of what doctrine? What do they mean? A nicca(Impermanence) represents the idea that the world is in a constant flux and that nothing stays the same for long. Impermanence is a fundamental feature of everything. Dukkha(Dissatisfaction) represents the idea that all humans and animals experience suffering. Physical and mental pain, are good examples. Feelings of continuous happiness or pleasure do not exist since these feelings only last for a limited amount of time.Dukkha touches everything in life. Anatta(no-self) is the mental picture that we cannot point to any one thing in ourselves and say it is our self. No single part of the body, is a human, only the parts put together makes the whole person. That is the same in that our mind, body, and spirit make up our self. These troika things are the Three Characteristics of Existence. They make up everything outside nirvana. 4. Buddha cherished to find the cause of unhappiness and its treatments. What did he come up with? What are the central themes? The Buddha found that suffering is cause by craving and aversion. It is caused by our perception. . The 5 Precepts are the rules that Buddhists follow. What are these rules? List the additional precepts monks/nuns take after. The Noble eightfold path is comparable to what according to the film Religions of the World? 1. Abstain from cleaning or harming living beings 2. Abstain from stealing 3. Abstain from improper internal conduct 4. Abstain from false speech 5. Abstain from taking alcohol and drugs (Additional precepts) 6. Abstain from eating after noon 7. Abstain from looking at dancing, singing or drama 8. Abstain from the use of perfumes and things that tend to gild and adorn a person 9.Abstain from using comfortable beds 10. Abstain from judge gold or silver 5. Who/what are the Three Refuges? What does each represent? The Three Refuges AKA the Triple Jewel, are the Buddha (the guide), the dharma (the path) and the Sangha (companions and teachers. ) 6. Who practices the Six Perfections? List the Six Perfections. A Bodhisattva practices the Six Perfections which include giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom. Symbols and Icons 1. What does the Wheel of intent represent? What is found in each circle? Who has control over the circle?The Wheel of Life represents the immortal cycle of births and uncontrolled rebirths (samsara. )The inner circle holds a bird, a pig, and a snake. These represent the human vices that keep the wheel turning- greed, ignorance, and hatred. The goal is to conquer these vices. The second ring shows the forms we take when we are reborn. The white half shows Heaven, the barren shows Hell. The third ring shows the many regions into which one can be reborn. They represent real places and are not metaphors for states of mind. This ring includes experiences we may have as humans, i. e. suffering/pleasure.The images in the outer circle represent the twelve causes of endless rebirths the old, bind person is ignorance, the potter crea ting a pot means actions, the scalawag climbing the tree of samsara represents consciousness, the man rowing a boat means name and form(body), a house with six doors and windows means the senses, a man and woman embracing means contact, the arrow in the eye means feeling, the man drinking alcohol depicts craving, the monkey grabbing fruit illustrates grasping, a women in labour depicts existence, a baby being born indicates birth, and finally a man carrying a corpse represents aging and death.The Wheel of Life is held in the teeth of Yama the Lord of Death, and there is no single being inside the wheel who is outside the control of death. Only the Buddha is outside the wheel, pointing at the idle symbolizing nirvana. 2. What is the Mandala used for? What monks are required to make Mandalas? What happens to the Mandala after it is used? While the Mandala is being made it is used for prayer and meditation. When it is finished, monks recite chants and prayers before it is swept away, which symbolizes impermanence. 3.What influences the portrayal of Buddha images? When did these images start to pop up? There are images of Buddha to help followers remember their path, and to remember the meaning of his teachings, and honour his memory as a person, and the fact that he fact that he escape Samsara. The images are to remind Buddhists, remember, and to honour. 4. Practice the 9 different Mudras and know what they represent. 5. What is found in the Stupas? Relics of the Buddha and other holy figures are found in the Stupas. 6. Describe how Lotus flowers symbolically represent humans.The vision is that some of the flowers are bogged down in the mud, and some about to bloom. The comparison is that all people have the ability to develop their potential and rise from an undesirable life. 7. What are Buddhapadas? construct 2 symbols found on them? Buddhapadas are the representations of Buddhas footprints, and are revered in all Buddhist countries, believed to be places w here Buddha stood. Symbols could be the Buddha, or sacred wheels on the soles of these footprints . Practices, Rituals and Festivals 1. What is karma? How did the film Religions of the World define it?Karma Action or law of cause and effect the totality of ones thoughts and actions, which determines ones fate in the next life. 2. What are the common offerings and what do they represent? Flowers- because as they fade and wilt, they emphasize the notion of impermanence. Incense Sticks- burn in the home and the temple to symbolize the Buddhas odour of sanctity. Light of a candle- representing Buddhas enlightenment. 3. Compare Buddha, Dhamma, and Sanhga Day. Buddha Day Celebrated on the full-moon day of May, contact the belief that the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha happened on this day.People assemble on the grounds of the monasteries, saving flowers, lit candles and incense sticks. They walk around the main hall three times while reciting the Three Refuges. Dhamma Da y Celebrated on the full-moon day of July, being the day of the First Sermon, people gather and offer food to monks, nuns and novices in Deer Park. At night, people give food to the poor, observe the Five Precepts, and practice meditation. Sanhga Day Celebrated on the full-moon day of March, commemorates two important events in the Buddhas life.The first was the proclamation of the basic principles of Buddhist teachings, and the second was a sermon called the Basis of Success. Food is offered to monks, and people engage in good karma accumulating activities. Followers observe the Five Precepts and attend a sermon at the monastery. Groups and Institutions 1. Compare the 3 main schools Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Theravada Practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Considered the original and more conservative school of Buddhism. Only recognizes Tripitaka, as scripture. Focuses on the teachings of Buddha, not Buddha himself.They rely on meditation and insight to atta in nirvana. They believe that humans are individuals, the key virtue is wisdom, religions is for monks, the ideal being is the Arhat, that Buddha is a saint, and prayer through meditation. Mahayana Practiced in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. A more open-hearted school, and see Buddha as a divine being. Emphasis on Bodhisattvas. They believe that humans are involved with others, that the key virtue is compassion, religion is also for lay people, the ideal being is Bodhisattva, Buddha is saviour, and prayer for request.Vajrayana Practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Focuses on rituals, such as mantras, and material creations attached to Buddhism such as mandalas. Focuses on the Dalai Lama, who is their spiritual leader. 2 . Where is venereal disease practiced? What does it emphasize? What are koans? Zen in practiced in the Rinzai School, and the Soto school. Koans are riddles used to test students on their enlightenment. Unit 4 Western Religions Judaism and Christianity Judaism 1. Define Tanakh, Torah, and Talmud. What is the difference between these?Tanakh The Judaic Bible consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the writings. Torah Refers to the Law of Moses as well as the rest of the Hebraical Scriptures and the entire belief system of the Judaic faith. The word Torah is often translated as meaning law, but a more accurate translation is teaching or instruction. Talmud Rabbinic teachings derived from the Mishnah. It is the main source of Judaic teaching from the medieval period to the present. The Torah is the first five books of the Tanakh, the Hebraic bible. Know to Christians as the old testament.The Talmud is a collection of rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew bible, Jewish history, and other such things. You can consider the Talmud to be an cyclopedia of commentary. 2. In a few points differentiate between the 4 main Jewish denominations. 1. Orthodox Judaism Orthodox Jews believe that God gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at Mo unt Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) that are binding upon Jews. Modern Orthodox Jews strictly observe halakhah (Jewish Law), but still integrate into moderne society.Ultra-Orthodox Jews, which includes Hasidic Jews, strictly observe Jewish laws and do not integrate into modern society by dressing distinctively and living separately. 2. mercenary Judaism Conservative Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from God, but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component. Conservative Judaism generally accepts the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), but believes that the Law should adapt, absorbing aspects of the predominant culture while remaining straight to Judaisms values. 3. Reform JudaismReform Judaism believes that the Torah was written by different human sources, rather than by God, and then later combined. While Reform Judaism does not accept the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), the movement does retain much of the values and ethics of Judaism as well as some of the practices and culture. Reconstructionist Judaism Reconstructionist believe that Judaism is an evolving religious civilization. In one way it is more liberal than Reform Judaism the movement does not believe in a personified deity that is active in history and does not believe that God chose the Jewish people.In another way Reconstructionist Judaism is less liberal than Reform Judaism Reconstructionist may observe Jewish Law, not because it is a binding Law from God, but because it is a valuable cultural remnant. 3. Explain the significance of the following people in the historical development of Judaism Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, the Rabbis. Abraham was instructed by God to move to a special land to raise a nation. God chose Abraham and promised to bless him and make him a great nation. The idea of Gods Covenant. During the time of Moses, Gods Covenant took on a new meaning.The Mosaic ties would have God provide His people with the Ten Commandments that would allow him to keep his Covenant. Moses came to Mount Horeb, called the mountain of God in the Book of Exodus. He encountered God through a burning bush. God revealed that the cries of the Israelites had been heard and that they would be set free through Moses. (Passover). David scored a number of military victories over his enemies and eventually established Jerusalem as his majuscule city. Solomon built a temple that would serve as a union of worship for the Jewish faith for the next millennium.Rabbi A Jewish pupil or teacher, especially of the Law, a person appointed as a Jewish religious leader. 4. What are Kashrut and Terafah? Kashrut The Jewish dietary Laws the active bail bond to the rules of being Kosher. Terafah nonkosher not conforming to dietary laws. 5. Describe the Jewish rituals. What are some of the items used in Jewish rituals? Synagogue, Kiddush, minyan, yarmulke, tallis, tefillin, Shabbat, Rosh Hashannah, Y om kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach, Seder, chametz, Haggadah, circumcision. 6.Explain how both God and those of the Jewish faith uphold the Covenant. The idea of the Covenant is that the Jewish people are Gods people and part of His Covenant. In turn they must do His will to be in His Covenant. 7. Explain mitzvah, Barakhah, and Halakah. Mitzvah A commandment from God the act of performing a good deed. The most well-known mitzvoth are the Ten Commandments. Barakhah A blessing. Halakah The legal part of Talmudic literature, an interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures. 8. Explain Bar Mitzvah and what it means for a spring chicken Jewish boy.Bar Mitzvah The religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of thirteen. This means they can now be a part of the Minyan. Christianity 1. Identify the importance of the following on the life of deliverer Christ and Christianity Augustus Caesar, Pontius Pilate, Pax Romana, The Sanhedrin, Roman Tolerance, Constantine. Augustus Caesar was the Emperor when delivery boy was born. Pontius Pilate was the Roman regulator who ordered that Jesus be crucified. Pax Romana was a time when capital of Italy was very powerful and relatively peaceful, during which Christianity multiplied rapidly.The Sanhedrin The highest court of justice and the supreme council in ancient Jerusalem. The Roman empire had a tolerance for Christianity allowing it to spread during the times of the Pax Romana. Constantine was a Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity. 2. ingeminate the following Lent, Easter, Christmas, Epiphany, Ascension and Pentecost. Lent is a 40 day period of time, in which Christians give up something, symbolically representing how Jesus went into the desert for 40 years. Easter is the holiest Christian holiday, celebrating Jesus Resurrection.Christmas is the day celebrating Jesus birth. Epiphany, twelve days after Christmas, used to commemorate the revelation of Jesus as Gods son at the time of his baptism in t he Jordan River. When the Holy spirit granted the apostles with spiritual gifts and abilities fifty days after Easter allowing them to go into Jerusalem and proclaim their faith enthusiastically. 3. Outline the fundamental beliefs of Christians as intimate in the Nicene Creed of 325 CE. They believe in one God, and that Jesus Christ is His son.That Jesus shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, the belief in the Holy Spirit, the catholic and apostolic church, and the acknowledgement of baptism for the forgiveness of sins. 4. Who wrote the Gospels of the New Testament? Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. 5. In what ways is the Catholic belief outwardly expressed? Through the Pope, one of the most well-known religious leaders in the current world. It is not just based on ones own belief and faith, but also through ones actions and how they speak, proclaiming their faith, making it known through thought, word and action. . Identify the Sacraments of Christianity (i. e. Confirmation). Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. 7. What was the Great Schism? What caused it? What was the result? The Great Schism was a stock split between the Eastern and Western Church, caused by mainly the accepted or rejection of the Pop and his authority, and the filioque cause, using and the Son at the end of the Nicene Creed, where as other groups believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds solely from the Holy Father, and not from the Son.This resulted in the two groups to separate and become their own denominations. 8. What was the Protestant correctation? Explain the difference between Catholicism and Protestanism. The Protestant Reformation was the reform of the western church in protest to its practices. Orthodox and Roman Churches had always focused on the importance of both faith and works, Protestantism is the belief of salvation through faith alone, which turned the belief inward, rather than focusing on outward sings.