Italy: Culture and Economy

Italy Culture and EconomyHave any of you perpetually wanted to travel to a place filled with ancient ruins of a once mighty empire, delicious cuisine and wine, and beautiful scenery? Well, Italy is the utter(a) place for you Italy is a European country with a very delicious formative country. Italy has an ancient and culture dating hind end from 27 BC. oneness of the most famous ancient ruins in Rome is the Colosseum from way back from 72-70 AD. Italys nutrient is a big part of the Italian culture. They like to establish all together and spend time with each early(a). Most Italian families get together every Sunday, spend time with each other and eat with each other as a family. The currency in Italy is a Euro. Euros look like colorful money. On the euro it has on ash grey strip on the the edge from one side.Italy is a peninsula in Confederate Europe. The Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, and the Tyrrhenian surround Italy along with their neighboring countries France, Austri a, and Switzerland. The Alps go from the trades union of Italy all the way mint the western side, while the Apennines mountains run down the center of the entire country. To the west of the Apennines were the wooded hills and many of Italys cities, and to the south were hot, run dry coastlands and fertile plains where they planted olives, almonds, and figs. They own 301,230 sq km and has a population 59.83 million.Italy had an economical transformation since WWII. In the 1960s, Italy was one of the worlds best economies. Their dominant exports were c roundhing, shoes, food, and wine. The industrial north was dominated by private companies, a less developed, welfare-dependent, agricultural south, and had a naughty number unemployment. The imports cost $389.2 billion, and the cost of the exports was $454.6 billion. And because of the type of government they have, their authoritative name is Republica Italiana.Italy has a very unique culture. As you know, Italians mostly utter Italian, but the population also speak English, French, and even Spanish. Their education corpse is separated into sections Children learn to read and to write in a figure of subjects including maths, Italian, English, and geography. Italians also spend their time watching opera, and it has become a major(ip) tradition there. On special occasions, Italians will eat Sunday lunches, and on holidays they will usually eat lasagna, ravioli, and tiramisu. The Italians discovered the worlds best food which is pizza. Italians were the original ones to The metempsychosis, and especially their art, is a big part of Italian culture. Today, you fuel agree all these works of art in galleries across the globe the Renaissance also encouraged trade, science, and a new way of thinking.Similar to the US, Italy has just about well known holidays like Christmas and Easter. Italys religion is similar to the US as well. Like the US, Italy is mostly Christian. Both of those countries even have a hi gh GDP. Although Italy and the US are similar, they are also different in quadruplicate ways. For one what makes Italy such a unique and popular destination is the places you can go. Like for example, you can visit the ancient ruins of Rome like the colosseum or just go and eat a pizza and a carafe of wine in Naples. Italys population might be less than half(a) of ours, but it has a lower crime rate, HIV/AIDS, and longer demeanor span. Italians mostly eat three times a day. Mostly their nutriment is cold meat, pasta, and rice but it depends on where they live it may be different diet on where they live. As you can see, Italy has a lot in common and a lot different with the US.Overall the Italian culture focuses on food, tradition, and family. Italian culture is very unique and with child(p) to witness first hand. If you think of Italy, the first things that would come up is food/wine, famous places like Rome, Venice, and Florence, and the rich history of Italy. Italy is a plac e you should emphatically put on your bucket list.

The Origin of Emotion Labour

The Origin of tonicitying labour party findings be feelings that people interpret, interpret, reflect on, express, and manage (Thoits, 1989). They arise done favorable fundamental interaction, and argon fixd by social, cultural, inter face-to-face, and situational conditions (Martin, 1999). In many a(prenominal) situations in our casual lives, we a good hatful find ourselves suppressing feelings and constitute outing a to a greater extent socially accepted feeling that is deemed more allow for. For example, showing excitement about a companys promotion or suppressing fury when existence cut off by someone in a waiting line. Regulating one-on-ones emotions to comply with social norms then(prenominal) is referred to as emotion pull in (Hochschild, 1990 p. 118). When we need to display particular emotions and suppress separates, which mandatory by our job roles, we do our emotion management for a wage. Hochschild (1983) termed this command of ones emotions to compl y with occupational or organizational norms as conked up proletariat. She delineate unrestrained chore party as the management of feeling to create a publicly observable nervus facialis and corporal display steamy labour is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value (Hochschild, 1983 p.7). tally to Hochschild (1983), jobs involving horny labour possess three characteristics they require the useers to make facial or voice contact with the public they require the deviseer to larn an aflame state in the client or customer, and they erect the employer with an fortune to utilize some control everywhere the stimulated activities of workers (Hochschild, 1983).Based on impression management, Ashforth and Humphrey (1993) defined randy labour as the act of displaying the appropriate emotion. Their definition differs from Hochschilds (1983), since their definition emphasizes the actual doings rather than the presumed emotions underlying the behaviour (Ashforth Humph rey, 1993). check to Morris and Feldman (1997), emotional labour possesses the viewing characteristics (a) emotion work occurs in face-to-face or voice-to-voice interactions with clients (b) emotions atomic number 18 displayed to go other peoples emotions, attitudes and behaviours and (c) the display of emotions has to follow certain rules.2.1.2 Dimensions of senseal Labour and Its MeasuresBrotheridge and Grandey (2002) restructured emotional labour into devil categories virtuoso focuses on the characteristic of the job and the other emphasizes employees emotion management process. The agent is called job-focused emotional labour which includes the frequency, eon, human body, and intensity of emotional labour and display rules. The latter(prenominal) is named employee-focused emotional labour, an emotion management skill that employees use in the play of interactions with clients. This category includes surface play play acting and buddy-buddy acting. Brotheridge and Lee (2003) used the analogous approach. They developed an emotional labour measure including both job-focused and employee-focused variable stars. Specifically, their measure has cardinal facets frequency of interaction, intensity and variety of emotional display, eon of interaction, and surface and deep acting.Emotional labour researchers often ignored spontaneous and genuine emotions, acknowledge as passive deep acting by Hochschild (1983), in the evolution of the emotional labour measure. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) constructed the display of naturally felt emotions as an free lance factor and resileed a three-dimensional emotional labour pecker surface acting, deep acting, and naturally felt emotions.In summary, despite many distinct measures developed, the general view is that job- connect variables, much(prenominal) as frequency, intensity, variety, and display rules atomic number 18 beatd as the antecedents of emotional labour rather than emotional labo ur it egotism and devil acting modes (surface and deep acting), that employees use to match the required emotional display argon regarded as the true components of emotional labour (Grandey, 2000 A.A. Grandey, Emotion regulation in the workplace a new way to gestate emotional labor, daybook of Occupational health Psychology 5 (1) (2000), pp. 95-110. nonfigurative icon_pdfPDF (1059 K) just schoolbook via CrossRef View unload in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (124)Grandey, 2000).2.1.3 Servicing playactingBased on Goffmans (1959) dramaturgical perspective of social interactions, Hochschild theorized that dish up is a show where the wait on provider is an actor, the customer is the audience, and the work setting is the stage (Grandey, 1999). The work place (restaurant) provides the setting and circumstance that allows actors (wait cater) to put to death for audiences (diners). The interaction amidst actors and audiences is based on their mutual definition of the setting, whi ch send away be interpreted as occupational or organizational norms or display rules. outdoors acting and deep acting be two types of acting chemical mechanism that emotional labour preformed.2.1.3.1 heighten ActingSurface acting is a discrepancy between felt and displayed emotion (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993). Surface acting involves employees simulating emotions that atomic number 18 non actually felt, by changing their outbound issueances (i.e., facial expression, gestures, or voice tone) when exhibiting required emotions. For example, a hotel front line desk employee whitethorn put on a smile and cheerfully greet a customer even if she or he is feeling d stimulate. In this case, the front desk clerk feigns emotions that are not undergo (Chu, 2002, P.18).Using the surface acting technique, people change the superficial expression of emotion in the avail of altering their internal feelings. By changing facial or bodily expressions, such as slumped shoulders, bowed head , or drooping mouth, inner feelings hind end be altered to a coincident state (Hochschild, 1993).2.1.3.2 Deep ActingDeep acting occurs when employees feelings do not fit the situation they then use their grooming or gone experience to work up appropriate emotions (Chu, 2002, P.19).Unlike surface acting, deep acting involves changing inner feelings by altering something more than outward appearance. In surface acting, feelings are changed from the outside in, whereas feelings are changed from the inside out in deep acting (Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild (1983) classified deep acting as (1) exhorting feeling, whereby one actively attempts to energize or suppress an emotion, and (2) trained imagination, whereby one actively invokes thoughts, images, and memories to cause the relate emotion (thinking of a wedding to feel happy or a funeral to feel sad). In other words, employees use their training or past experiences to help summoning appropriate emotions or responses (sadness, chee rfulness) for a given scene. By practicing deep acting, emotions are actively induced, suppressed, or shaped (Kruml Geddes, 2000).2.1.4 Functions of Emotion LabourZapf (2002, P.248) stated that Emotion work is a part of an overall projection and, thus, it helps to fulfil the overall trade union movement and increase task legalness. Ashforth, B.E. and Humphrey, R.H., 1993. Emotional labor in helper roles the influence of identity. Academy of Management Review 18, pp. 88-115. Full Text via CrossRefAshforth and Humphrey (1993) go through emotion work as a form of impression management because by showing certain emotions the employee deliberately attempts to harbor certain social knowledges of him- or her ego. Emotion work is done to influence the emotions of the clients either as the ultimate or as an instrumental goal. In the overhaul business organization, the premise is that customers or clients would be more likely to do business with an organization when they experience t he interaction with overhaul providers positively. This should mainly count on how far the interaction with the service providers either brooks or threatens their self-esteem. Emotion labour whitethorn help to make the social interaction more calculable and assist to avoid embarrassing situations that might otherwise give way the interaction with clients (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993).Moreover, emotion work may help to develop or stabilize the organization-customer kindred for building trust in the organization. This is more outstanding in the service sector than in other sectors because (1) it is difficult to prize the quality of service (2), because the service product is immediately consumed and corrections, such as giving the product screening, are impossible (Ashforth and Nerdinger, 1994) (3), emotion labour should influence the clients emotions thereby influencing their cognitions and behaviours. (4), influencing a clients emotion may make other things easier. In the ent ertainment business and in the helping professions, influencing the clients emotion may be the ultimate goal.2.2 Antecedents of Emotional LabourAntecedents of emotional labour including two characteristics individual characteristics and job characteristics.2.2.1 Individual characteristicsEmotional labour researchers appear to agree that service workers emotional acting squirt be explained by personality traits because personal dispositions underlie much of the way that people think and be devour (Ashkanasy, Hartel and Daus, 2002). both personality variables as the antecedents of emotional labour will be examined, which are ostracise affectivity and internal pauperism.2.2.1.1 Negative AffectivityNegative affectivity is a dispositional personality variable and an individuals tendency to experience discomfort across time and situations (Watson and Clark, 1984). Individuals gamey in controvert affectivity tend to resident the interdict aspects of themselves, others, and situati ons in a slackly more negative way and often seem to be anxious, nervous, and cowardly (Cropanzano et al., 1993 R. Cropanzano, K. James and M.A. Konovsky, Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job carrying into action, Journal of Organizational Behavior 14 (6) (1993), pp. 595-606. Full Text via CrossRef View Record in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (118)Cropanzano, James, and Konovsky, 1993). Individuals low in negative affectivity are typically in states of calmness and peace (Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988). As discussed by Liu, Perrewe, Hochwarter, and Kacmar (2004), negative emotional experiences is aroused by negative affectivity to across time and situations that may obstruct individuals to regulate their emotional experiences in the service encounter. such individuals appear to sham their positive emotions when necessary (Kim, 2008).The relationship between negative affectivity and stressors is in like manner supported by the basic scheme of he at-affect-overload (Van De Vliert and Van Yperen, 1996). Specifically, employees living and functional in hot climates of countries such as Nigeria, Indonesia, and Sin curtain raisingore are tall in negative affectivity and experience role overload. It has been proposed that availability of heat or hot climate deranges the thermoregulatory system of the human body and leads to negative affectivity. much(prenominal) high negative affectivity individuals are faced with higher role overload.According to Osman and Kayode (2008), who studied in emotional dissonance and emotional enfeeblement among hotel employees in Nigeria, they stated that even though the hotels may birth functioning air-conditioning systems, official indicant cut or outages due to poor electric power infrastructure in Nigeria may cause frustration among employees and customers. In addition, the high cost of running alternative power source like generators limits the priggish use of the air-conditioning systems in virtually of the hotels. Frontline hotel employees such as door attendants, nutriment servers, and beverage servers befuddle to serve customers in outdoor facilities, such employees are exposed to direct sunlight and humidity under these circumstances. Most of the frontline employees cannot bear up under to buy air-conditioning systems in their houses if they could, they do not en ecstasy it due to unsystematic power supply in the country. Furthermore, they may not ready fit financial resources to buy automobiles having air-conditioning systems. Therefore, such employees usually far from their houses go to work, utilize modes of public transportation such as buses, which are overloaded and are devoid of air-conditioning systems. Accordingly, frontline hotel employees in a country such as Nigeria are high in negative affectivity and experience-deepened stress. Employees in frontline service jobs of the cordial reception industry in Nigeria are expected to manage their e motions by changing their outward appearance to display organizationally desired emotions while the inner feelings remain unchanged and thus are likely to experience emotional exhaustion (Osman and Kayode, 2008).In addition, negative affectivity is widely used in strain- connect research and has been united with emotional exhaustion (Houkes, Janssen, De Jonge, and Nijhuis, 2001). In their meta-analytic work, Thoresen et al., 2003 C.J. Thoresen, S.A. Kaplan, A.P. Barsky, C.R. Warren and K. De Chermont, The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes a meta-analytic review and integration, Psychological Bulletin 129 (6) (2003), pp. 914-945. Abstract Article icon_pdfPDF (244 K) Full Text via CrossRef View Record in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (78)Thoresen, Kaplan, Barsky, Warren, and De Chermont (2003) reported an estimated hold still for population correlation of .54 between negative affectivity and emotional exhaustion. According to Spector, Zapf, Chen, and Frese, (2000), the perception mechanism also proposes useful guidelines for developing the relevant hypotheses. That is, the perception mechanism states that high negative affectivity individuals tend to perceive their jobs as stressful and experience high take aims of strains. It means, high negative affectivity frontline employees in the hotel industry are open to higher emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion.2.2.1.2 Intrinsic Motivation some other personality variable used as the antecedents of emotional labour is intrinsic indigence. To date various personal resources or personality variables (e.g., self-efficacy, optimism, and locus of control) have been examined with regard to emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion (Ito and Brotheridge, 2003). As a personal resource and a key personality variable, intrinsic motivation has not received much existential attention in the hospitality management and marketing literatures (Karatepe and Uludag, 2007).Intrinsic motivation re fers to an individuals feeling of challenge or competence derived from performing a job (Keaveney, 1992, p.151). Intrinsically motivated employees have better problem-solving skills and are innovative (Miller, 2002). Grant (2008, p.49) states that as such motivated individuals feel naturally drawn, or pulled, toward completing their work, are process focused-they see the work as an end in and of itself, and are present focused-they are refer with the experience of performing the work itself. Consistent with the Conservation of Resources Theory, intrinsic motivation is one of the personal resources that can be used for coping with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. As a personal resource, intrinsic motivation can affect employees willingness and perceived effort to manage emotional experiences in the service encounter. Such a personal resource can also be invested in aiding the process of stress resistance and can contri ande to the charge of resource reservoirs (Hobfoll, 2001).C onsequently, employees with personal resources have mastery that enables them to cope with demanding or tenacious conditions more effectively and thus prevents them from experiencing emotional exhaustion (Xanthopoulou, Bakker, Demerouti, and Schaufeli, 2007). Recently, Karatepe and Uludag (2007) also present that intrinsic motivation lowered emotional exhaustion for a have of frontline hotel employees in Northern Cyprus.2.2.2 Job Characteristics2.2.2.1 Interaction CharacteristicsCustomer satisfaction depends on the quality of the interpersonal interaction between the customer and frontline employees (Bitner, 1990). Hochschild (1983) argued that job characteristics such as numerous interactions with customers are likely to increase service providers emotional labour. Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) found that frequency and variety of emotional display were positively related to surface acting and deep acting and that duration was positively related to deep acting. In the article by Brotheridge and Lee (2003), frequency and variety showed a positive relationship with surface acting and deep acting, although duration was not related to either acting. Diefendorff, Croyle, and Gosserand (2005) reported interaction characteristics (frequency, duration, and routineness) were not square predictors of surface acting but mostly related to deep acting. Specifically, duration had a positive shock on deep acting and routineness showed a negative influence on deep acting.The most popular theory regarding the relationship between customer contact variables and emotional labour strategies originates from Morris and Feldman, 1996 J.A. Morris and D.C. Feldman, The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor, The Academy of Management Review 21 (4) (1996), pp. 986-1010. Full Text via CrossRefMorris and Feldmans (1996) abstract work. The authors argued that the more often a work role requires socially comme il faut emotional displays, the greater the company s demand for emotional regulation and the greater employees emotional labour frequent changes in the variety of emotions to fit in different situational contexts require more planning and anticipation on the part of service employees, thereby entailing greater emotional labour and emotional displays of long duration require more effort than short duration, booster cable to greater emotional labour. This notion suggests the possibility of frequency, variety, and duration increasing emotional labour in general (both surface and deep acting). However, previous findings especially regarding duration seem to suggest that duration largely leads to deep acting. Deep acting may be the strategy of choice during long interaction because it wricks difficult for employees to fake emotion for a long period of time (Diefendorff et al., 2005).2.2.2.2 Job indecorumThe hospitality literature has shown that job autonomy can mitigate the level of hospitality employees emotional exhaustion (Kim, Shin , and Umbreit 2007). Morris and Feldman (1996, 1997) suggested employees who have less autonomy over their behaviour should feel more affective dissonance, which likely leads them to fake feelings (surface acting) and those who have more autonomy experience less affective dissonance, therefore they are likely to express their natural emotions. According to their rationale, job autonomy is not related to emotive effort (i.e., deep acting).2.2.2.3 Display RulesAccording to Hochschild, 1983 A.R. Hochschild, The Managed titty Commercialization of Human Feeling, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1983).Hochschild (1983), service occupations involve inexpugnable norms and/or expectations regarding displays of emotions. search has shown that display rules have a positive relationship with emotional acting (Brotheridge and Lee, 2002). Some studies separate display rules into positive and negative rules. Positive display rules evaluate service providers recognitions on expres sing positive emotions and negative display rules evaluate the recognitions regarding suppressing negative emotions at work.Brotheridge and Grandey (2002) showed that both types of display rules were positively correlated with both types of acting. Diefendorff and Ric problematical (2003) hypothesized that perceived demands (positive and negative display rules) would be positively related to emotional display, but the end indicated that emotional display that led by positive rule demands. Diefendorff et al. (2005) found that positive display rules were positively correlated with deep acting and negative display rules were positively correlated with surface acting. The authors explained that positive rules (what to express) clarify expectations better and result in good faith attempts (deep acting), whereas negative rules (what not to express) lead employees to just go through the motion and fake their emotions (surface acting).In hospitality organizations such as hotel companies, distinct norms are often included in the job exposition and employees are trained consistently (e.g., showing a smile with a mirthful greeting). Hence, it seems plausible that hotel firms display rules increase the likelihood of hotel personnels emotional regulation, leading to emotional acting either surface or deep acting. Therefore, in harmony with Brotheridge and Grandeys (2002) work, it is predicted that display rules, regardless of the type, will affect both acting strategies.2.3 Consequences of Emotional LabourAshforth and Humphrey (1993) described emotional labour as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it can facilitate task performance by regulating interactions and precluding interpersonal problems. On the other hand, it can itch performance by priming expectations of good service that cannot be met (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993).The sideline section discusses the positive and negative consequences of performing emotional labour, and particularly, its effects on emplo yees psychological well-being.2.3.1 Negative Consequences2.3.1.1 Fusion of Self and Work RoleIn the emotional labour literature, pregnant research in this field addresses discriminatory resultants. The most-often-cited outcomes are burnout and job dissatisfaction (Morris and Feldman, 1996). Other impacts on the individuals psychological well-being are also discussed in the literature, such as poor self-esteem, depression, cynicism, role alienation, and self-alienation (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993).Wharton (1999) suggested two precedents why the regulation of service providers emotional displays is problematic. First, to ensure service quality, employers often implement behaviour scripts (such as smile, eye contact, body position, tone of voice) for service providers to follow. This restrictive script prevents service providers from interacting with customers based on spontaneous intuition, but on a script drawn up by employers. That is, workers own complex for interaction may be suppressed and replaced by an organizationally sanctioned response (Wharton, 1999). Second, service providers may have different interests vis--vis the outcome of the interaction. That is, employers believe that service providers emotional displays are instruments of service excellence. While front-line employees may sometimes share those objectives, they do not always do so. In these instances, workers interests may be sacrificed.Hochschild (1983) theorized about the consequences of emotional labor based on service providers capacity to strike a balance between the requirements of the self and the demands of the work role. Sustained performance of emotional labour may arrest a fusion of self and work role, an estrangement between self and work role that comes at the expense of the self, or a judicial separation between self and work role that comes at the expense of the work role (Hochschild, 1983).The fusion of self and work role can be seen as the service providers inability t o depersonalize and detach themselves from the work roles. Research has shown that workers in human service occupations, such as social work or counselling, are often too identified with their work roles and pretermit the ability to keep sufficient psychological distance between the emotional requirements of their job and their sense of self. For example, hotel service providers use deep acting techniques to shift up desired positive emotions and to suppress felt negative emotions. but after awhile, many these service providers reveal that they have a hard time recovering their true feelings once their shifts are over. They begin to doze off track of when they are acting and when they are not (Hochschild, 1983).2.3.1.2 Emotive dissonanceContrarily, another potential consequence of emotional labour is the estrangement between self and work role. Just as workers on the assembling lines become estranged from their bodies, service providers may become estranged from their true fee lings(Hochschild, 1983). Hochschild claimed that most of the negative consequences of performing emotional labour have its roots in this estrangement. The estrangement between oneself and the work role is often presented in the forms of emotive dissonance or un acceptedated, which can be seen as a result of surface acting.Similar to cognitive dissonance, emotive dissonance reflects a gap between felt emotions and expressed emotions. For example, a front desk employee greets a customer in a cheerful and enthusiastic manner but indeed, she or he feels down and unhappy. The inconsistency between expressed emotions (cheerful and enthusiastic) and felt emotions (down and unhappy) is emotive dissonance. Based on the assumption that people are motivated to maintain and enhance their sense of self as being meaningful and authentic (Erickson Wharton, 1997), the experience of emotive dissonance may cause the individual to feel false and insincere. Researchers suggest that the regular occurre nce of emotive dissonance may be toxic in terms of employees personal and work-related maladjustment, such as poor self-esteem, depression, and alienation from work (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993).Hochschild (1993) suggested that emotive dissonance is most harmful to employees psychological well-being when it comes at the expense of the self, and is less harmful when it is at the expense of the work role. When emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the self, employees send themselves for displaying fictitious emotions and feelings of unauthenticated. Thereafter, this estrangement of oneself leads to negative consequences such as depression (Ashforth Humphrey, 1993), dose or alcohol abuse (Hochschild, 1983), and low self-efficacy (Seeman, 1991).Antithetically, when emotive dissonance comes at the expense of the work role, employees ascribe this false emotion or counterfeit expression to the demands of the job rather than to the desires of the self (Wharton, 1999), and thus it may be less harmful in terms of their psychological well-being. In an call into question with a await, Paules (1991) documented how one waitress does not overextend herself into her work. The waitress says that when she distances herself from her job she does not feel bad about it (Paules, 1991, p.286).2.3.2 Positive ConsequencesAlthough substantial literature on emotional labor implies negative consequences, some researchers have suggested positive consequences for both organizations and individuals.2.3.2.1 OrganizationFor an organization, regulating employees emotional display in a highly scripted manner can ensure task effectiveness and service quality (Ashforth and Humphrey, 1993), and increase sales and repeated business (Rafaeli and Sutton, 1987). Also, the positive aspects of emotional labour include financial rewards (i.e., tips or salaries) (Rafaeli Sutton, 1987) change magnitude satisfaction, security, and brand loyalty (Wharton, 1993).2.3.2.2 IndividualAlthough customers are major stress-producing figures for front-line employees, customers also provide employees with many entertaining and satisfying moments in their working (Tolich, 1993). One reason for this satisfaction is that customers enliven otherwise monotonous tasks. Most of the entry-level jobs in the service industry are highly routine and standardized (i.e., supermarket clerks or food for thought servers). Because of the variety of customers, their presence, even when annoying, is only somewhat distracting, and can be stimulate (Tolich, 1993).Rose (2001) recognized the positive function of emotional labour because interaction with customers serves as a comic relief he conducted an extensive soft study on waitresses working-life. He described the sources of satisfaction for wait staff as belowSome waitresses gain satisfaction from contributing to a customersenjoyment (you supply nurturing and sustenance, the things that make lifepleasurable). Some respond to the con game and stimulat ion of a busyrestaurant, the sense of being in the snapper of thingssome like theattention (the spotlights on you)..some comment on the pastime ofthe attenuated human interaction though well never plump to know eachother, theres a really nice feelings that go back and forth (Rose, 2000, p.19).Roses (2000) case studies offer some support for the argument that performing emotional labour is not always psychologically damaging. The interaction with the public, being at the centre of attention or a sense of joy when knowing ones work is altruistic in nature all bring some intrinsic rewards to ones job when performing emotional labour.The reward or benefit aspect of performing emotional labour receives some empirical support. Wharton (1993) found that workers employed in jobs requiring substantial amounts of emotional labour experience higher job satisfaction and lower emotional exhaustion than other workers (Wharton, 1993). Adelman (1989) found a similar result for table servers. Sh e concluded that, foreign to Hochschilds estrangement assumption, performing emotional labour does not adversely impact employees psychological well-being, but enhances their job satisfaction (Adelman,1989).2.4 Moderators of Emotional Labour2.4.1 thriving Recruitment and SelectionKaratepe and Aleshinloye (2009) pointed out that in order to fill indolent positions in organizations, managers should use effective recruitment and selection tools. It is significant that managers should consider the personality traits of candidates in the selection process, focus on candidates who are intrinsically motivated, and try to hire those who can manage their felt emotions matching organizationally desired display norms in the service encounter. This should be a far-reaching hold among hospitality managers.By doing so, managers can go some way to fashioning such frontline employees manage problems associated with emotional dissonance and exhaustion. Another implication for bore is that empl oying mentors in the workplace appears to be inevitable, since younger, less educated and less experienced employees are confronted with emotional dissonance and exhaustion (Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009). Mentors could help such employees allay their emotional dissonance and exhaustion by listening to employees problems and their expectations from the management of the hotel and providing support and guidance (Lee and Akhtar, 2007).2.4.2 Adequate TrainingKaratepe and Aleshinloye (2009) also suggested that frontline employees should be trained ceaselessly to learn how to cope with problems that stem from emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. This is significant, because effective and continuous training programs in the hospitality industry are not abundant. Therefore, managers should foster social support arising from both supervisors and co-workers in the workplace during these training programs and train their frontline employees in the areas of complaint handling proc edures and genuine customer care.Such training programs would also comprise of potential empowerment practices frontline employees would use to deal with customers complaints. The final implication is associated with promotional

Role Of The Front Office Manager Tourism Essay

Role Of The earlier berth Manager Tourism EssayGiven the signification of the section of the present office manager in motility office, there ar many of the responsibilities that the breast office manager has to share nonice. Some of the major responsibilities of the social movement office manager include reviewing the final draft of the night audit, a daily review of the financial accounting procedures at the drive desk and another(prenominal) lymph gland service areas during the previous 24-hour period and an analysis of in operation(p) results operating and monitoring the backlog establishment developing and operating an impelling conversation system with bowel movement office staff and other de mapment directors administer daily registrations and check-out overseeing and developing employees established in-house gross sales programming at the front desk preparing bud shrinks and cost control systems forecasting fashion sales and maintaining business bir ths with perpetual corporate and communities leaders. The front office manager works with an assistant front office manager, a night auditor, a reticence manager, and a gong captain to tend to the details of running an in effect(p) department.These are precisely hardly a(prenominal) of the responsibilities of the front office manager. The front office is a diametrical point in confabulation among in-house sales, delivery of service to the guest, and financial operations. It requires an private who push aside manage the many details of guest take, employee supervision, interdepartmental communication and transmittal of financial information. This exciting position enables the person to develop an overview of the consignment property with regard to financial and communication.2.0 event QUESTION 1 knob checkout locoweed indeed be a time of confusion, bunco tempers, and ample lines, a test of the patience of the both guest and cashier. report and check-out is the respons ibilities of a front desk that are on duty on the contingent day. Usu completelyy front desk is the first and last contact with the guests. Front desk salesshop sales work represents the hotel to the guest throughout all stage of the guests stay. Front desk clerk lineage involves client service, answering the telephone, securing payment for work rendered, and resolving problem. Front desk clerk must(prenominal) possess a working knowledge of the reticence work out and mode pricing strategies. Front desk clerk in addition takes homogeneous-day reservation and afterlife reservation and often need to able to sell features of the hotel along with the essential pricing strategy guidelines.2.1 PROBLEMS SOLVESAs a position of front desk clerk, it is answerable for checking guests in and out of their elbow way of lifes. When a guest arrives with a reservation, front desk clerk pulls the reservation from a computer confirm the name, address, and length of stay and em push t hroughmentulate for a method of payment. If a credit card is to be used, front desk clerk shape the payment in the computer and redeem the guest sign the registration card or folio acknowledging the rates and length of stay. At check-in front desk clerk can also take cash deposits as necessary to cover any phone or other charges that whitethorn be incurred. After check-in, front desk clerk pull up stakes past the guest the inhabit key and give direction to the room, and head to summon a bellhop to help with the luggage. Front desk clerk so place the information just about the guest and room in the conquer front desk racks and communicate the information to the appropriate hotel personnel.For guests who are walk-ins, or those who dont have reservations, front desk clerk find out each(prenominal) guests name, address, and the expected length of stay. If a room is available, front desk clerk quotes the rate and asks about preferences for a smoking or nonsmoking room, location , and room size. Front desk clerk should also filter out to sell up by suggesting that the guest spend a minuscular extra money to obtain a larger room, one with a better view, or one with more amenities. The rest of the check-in process is the same as for guests with reservations.At check-out, front desk clerk take the guests room key, look up the account on the computer, and inform the guest how oft is owed. Front desk clerk inquires whether or not everything was satisfactory.At the start of each day, front desk clerk print a report of special requests of ledger entry guest. Requests are recorded in the computer station at the desk and entered into a logbook, and they become part of a guests biography in the computer system. The history is used each time the guest returns for a visit in order to personalize the guests survive. Another report lists any groupings that will be arriving. Using it, front desk clerk can prepare materials packets, which includes a room key, for each guest to speed up check-in.Between check-ins and check-outs, the front desk clerk handles the mail and messages and the placement items in safe deposits boxes for the guests. Front desk clerk post and file all charges to the proper accounts. In addition, front desk clerk should also work closely with the housekeeping department in keeping room status reports up to date and coordinating requests for maintenance and repair work. Front desk clerk must know all safety and emergency procedures and be aware of accident prevention policies as well.Another important line of work is solving guest problems. Front desk clerk is the liaison or obtain between the guest and the hotel. When guests have problems, they call the front desk clerk or go to the front desk personally. Front desk clerk job is to solve the problems-or readily find someone who can solve it.Keep your guests happy by keeping everything easy for them. In turn, a satisfied guest is a repeat guest and that confine dolla rs and sense for the hospitality passe-partout.2.2 PRINCIPLES FOR ACHIEVING GUEST gratification guest satisfaction is the fulfillment of a guests wants and require. In the hospitality industry, food market share dominance is exceeding guests expectation on a rule-governed basis. A hotel guest expects a safe, clean, comfortable sleeping room. A restaurant patron anticipates a tasty meal in a clean, idyllic atmosphere with a balance price-value human relationship. Meeting these expectations is the hospitality professionals priority. The job is do just when the guest are satisfied. Below are the few principles for full-blooded and keeping guests.Recognize your guest. Personalizing interactions by using the guests name is not eternally possible, but a sincere and fond(p) interaction goes a long way.Make a positive first delineation. The initial greeting and warm welcome are essential elements of creating a positive exchange. lymph glands judge your advert claims against b eliefs they already hold and accept only new information that equal those beliefs. Changing a negative first impression is challenging, if not impossible. follow through your guests expectations. Guests expect a trouble- put out environment. All the guests want is to have their needs met without aggravation. Those organizations that can exceed guest expectation will have stage up the competition.Facilitate guest decision making. The guest whitethorn not be familiar with the entire offer that provide by the hotel. Guest decisions can facilitated in subtle ways, such as carrying a fervency dessert that is sure that attract attention high on a tray. Engage the customer in dialogue about the food and drinkable offering to enhance their experience and narrow the uncertainly of satisfaction they whitethorn have.Avoid violating the customers unspoken time limits. Time spent waiting everlastingly seems four times longer than it really is. Anticipate the next successiveness in the ser vice delivery and time the service accordingly.Expert your customer to re element bad experience. Also expect your customer to tell you about those bad experiences, embellishing with each retelling. The result can be an unfavorable impression on people who havent yet patronized your establishment.3.0 CONCLUSIONThe functional role of front office manager can be understood by preparing a job analysis and job description. This process allows the future professional to see the major responsibilities of the job and the various departmental relationships involved.The many positions raise on a front office staff have to honey oilplace goal of providing hospitality to the guest. Training, empowerment, and flexibility are necessary to found the team up work.Forecasting, scheduling, developing a supervisory style, motivating personnel, balancing staff personalities, assign tasks, training and effectively communicating are only a few of the skills a good supervisor must master. It is a l ifelong parturiency developed through continuing education and trial and error.QUESTION 21.0 INTRODUCTIONMaking reservation is a necessity for travelers and an important merchandising tool for lodging establishments. Travelers in various market segments depend on a well-organized reservation system that is easily entrance moneyible through toll-free telephone numbers or on the Internet, or at a few moments notice through social networking opportunities such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to get wind a well-planned get down. Lodging establishment want to provide a unbroken flow rate of guest, which will bring profits.A reservation system must ensure efficient means of accessing, processing, and confirming information. Without an efficient reservation system, all aspects of managing a hotel will be negatively affected. For example, while overbooking reservation may guarantee a full house for the hotel, it will also open the guest who is turned away with a negative experien ce. This is not only decrease the hope of repeat business but also ensures the disgruntled customer will tell to others of the negative experience. The reservation is an integral part of progressive front office management and the operation of a well-run system.2.0 ANSWER QUESTION 2Profitable business ventures rely on effective selling principles. Effective marketing principles include reviewing people who are in need of hotel products and services, determining their needs, developing products and services that meet their needs and marketing a profit on the sale of those products and services.A well-organized reservation system allows hotels to ensure a steady flow of guest into their properties. Hotel chains, through their primeval reservation system, offer their genus Phalluss to ability to fill 30 percent or more of available room on nightly basis. Independent hoteliers, in contrast, have the onerous responsibility of creating exciting marketing programs to capture room busi ness. Easy access to a chain hotels data bank of rooms help to fulfill the customers needs, as well as in go a targeted daily occupancy rate, average daily rate, yield percentage, and RevPAR. A reservation system is the primary represents means of producing positive cash flow and favorable income statement.2.0 ANSWER QUESTION 22.1 TYPE OF making dodgeThere are two types of reservation systems such as Franchisee systems and Referral member systems.2.1.1 FRANCHISEE SYSTEMSA franchisee is a hotel owner who has access to a subject field reservation system and services the benefits of the corporations management expertise, financial backing, national advertising, and group purchasing. A franchise member of a reservation system or a member of a reservation system or a member of a referral system gains significant advantage from interhotel property referrals, a system in which one member-property recommends another member-property to a guest, and national advertising.2.1.1 REFFERAL ME MBER SYSTEMSA referral member of a reservation referral system, a worldwide organization that processes requests for room reservations at a particular member hotel, is a hotel developer/owner who has access to the national reservation system. Hotels that are members of the reservation system are more than able to justify the associated costs for example, a chain property may obtain 15 to 30 percent of its daily room rentals from the national reservation system, depending on local economics and market condition.2.2 SOURCES OF modestyGuest reservations come from a variety of market segments. Some of the more common groups are corporate clients, group travelers, and leisure travelers who want to return to the same hotel. This is only one way of classifying guest reservations. The purpose of analyzing these segments is to understand the needs of each group and to provide reservation systems that meet their needs. Keep in mind that reviewing these needs will assist employee in gaining i nsight into guests methods of communication.2.2.1 incorporate CLIENTSThe corporate client is a hotel guest employed by a business or a guest of that business. Corporate clients provide a hotel with an opportunity to establish a regular flow of business during sales periods that would otherwise be flat.2.2.2 GROUP TRAVELERSGroup travelers are persons traveling as a group either on business or for leisure. rule guests and seminar attends are examples of groups that travel on business. Participants in organized tours who pursue recreation, education, hobbies, and special interests constitute some of the leisure segment. The key to marketing reservations to this group is providing an efficient access method for planning details of a tour.2.2.3 LEISURE TRAVELERS void travelers are people who travel alone or with others to visits points of interest or relatives, or for other personal reasons. These travelers, who are often unrestricted by deadlines or schedules, are more flexible in th eir travel plans than are corporate clients and group travelers. They are more willing to seek someplace to stay along the way however, some of the people in this group may want to obtain consists of many subgroups, including singles, married couples, young families, superior citizens, and student. Some of the methods the leisure travelers can use secure room reservations are travel agencies, toll-free numbers, reservation/referral systems, the Internet, Twitter and even in Facebook.2.3 ADVANTAGES FOR RESERVATIONThe advantages for reservation are to prevent when customer need a place to stay overnight and the hotel are fully booking. This situation might make the customer feel disappointed when they expected the hotel is available for the rooms.The advantages for reservation are when the customer make a early book, the customer might get a discount from the hotel or even like buy 1 room free 1 room, free breakfast or free using the of the hotel. This type of promotion will satisfy the customers need and it make customer feel that the hotel are welcoming them to stay in the hotel. In other word, customer are usually are knowledgeable. Once the hotel services fulfill the customer need, the customer will sure visit the hotel when they make a next visit or they might share their experience in staying the hotel to other friend or relative so that they can also get the same services that the hotel provide.2.4 IMPROVEMENT FOR THE EARLY RESERVATION BOOKING CUSTOMERThe management of the hotel should given a plan for the customer who makes an early booking in the peak season. This holiday plan may help attract the customer who planning a holiday trip with the family member and the trip will help to build strong relationship with each of the family members. The promotion such as free breakfast, free uses the facilities in the hotel, and free tour guide to travel in the particular city.This may help to increase the sales of the hotel and even the customer will be coming back for their next trip.3.0 CONCLUSIONThe reservation has addressed the hotel reservation systems. As the popularity of computerized reservation systems increases, chains and referral properties have adopted them to meets the needs of the traveling publics.Reservations ensure that corporate, group and pleasure travelers will have accommodations as their finishing and provide the hotel with a steady flow of business. Determining the sources of these reservations assist the front office manager developing procedures to satisfy the needs of the guest. The traveler can use various means to make reservations, such as toll-free telephone numbers, fax numbers, the Internet and social media. The concept of customer relationship management links hospitality and technology. The management of social media applications helps develop the reservation concept.

A Study On Cumene Plant Engineering Essay

A hit the books On Cumene Plant Engineering EssayThe system con locationred for study, example and optimisation is a cumene outpution shew. The plow described by Peterson and Schmidt is demandn as base for simulating the system. The butt description of Turton et al. (2003) provides relevant and valuable info consume for the simulation of the bear upon.Raw materials fed to the plant be benzine and propene (whitethorn contain propane as an impurity) in which benzine is in special. Various unit ope rations and paradees be required to be taken c ar of which ar described in around detail below. The study units in the shape plant are the nuclear nuclear nuclear nuclear reactor section and the separator section.1.2 RELEVANCEIsopropyl benzine popularly k without delayn as cumene is the principal chemic personad in the output of phenol and its co- merchandise acetone on an industrial scale. It is also the startle material in the deed of acetophenone, methyl sty rene, diisopropyl benzol and dicumyl peroxide. Minor uses of cumene every(prenominal)ow as a thinner for paints, enamels, and lacquers as a constituent of virtually petroleum- rig solvents, such as naphtha in gasoline blending diesel elicit, and efficient aviation fuel. It is also a good solvent for fats and resins and has been suggested as a re mailment for benzine in m both of its industrial applications.Around 98% of cumene is use to produce phenol and its co-product acetone. However, the requisite of cumene is largely dependent on the use of phenols derivatives which have resulted in increase requirement appreciates for cumene. The largest phenol derivative is bisphenol-A (BPA) which supplies the polycarbonate (PC) sector. PC resins are consumed in automotive applications in place of traditional materials such as glass and metals. Glazing and mainsheet uses, such as architectural, security and glazing outlets, are also key PC applications. The third largest use for PC is optical media such as chummy discs (CDs) and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A nonher phenol derivative is caprolactam which is use in the first place to develop nylon 6. It is mainly the resin sector of the nylon market that is seeing growth. Schmidt, 2005Cumene is produced by the alkylation of benzol with propene over an acrid gun like aluminum chloride, boron trifluoride, phosphoric acid, atomic spot 1 fluoride, supported phosphoric acid (SPA) and so forth The usage of the above gass poses a peck of problems like product quality, disgrace accelerator activity, environmental hazard, gun non-regenerability etc and has been replaced by zeolites in most of the processes.In the pre move work the cumene production plant is simulated using ASPEN electropositive and the sizes, the temperature and other relevant parameters are obtained by optimization. MATLAB, MS Excel and bank line Pro 8.0 are used to plot interprets in the following simulation from which an optimal value is estimated. The optimized values obtained hatful provide a lot of insight before actual plant commissioning is through.1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE leap outConsidering the importance of the ease up process, work was undertaken to number and simulate the cumene production process using ASPEN cocksure software. The objectives of the expose confuse are following.To propose a zeolite accelerator pedal based cumene production process and study the sensitivity analysis.To optimize the contents of the flow sheet for minimization of loss of material along with a greater production of cumene and low requirement of energy.CHAPTER 2 books REVIEW2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 CONVENTIONAL subroutineCumene is produced by the alkylation of benzol with propene over an acid gun. Catalysts like aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride and solid phosphoric acid (SPA) are normally used. Over the eld these catalysts have given representation to zeolite based catalysts. There are some inherent problems associated with the conventional acid catalysts.Disadvantages of using solid phosphoric acid (SPA) ProcessLower activityCatalyst non-regenerabilityUnloading of spent catalyst from reactor difficultRelative high selectivity to hexyl benzeneSignificant let up of DIPBDisadvantages of using Aluminium chloride as catalystHigh corrosionenvironmental hazardWashing step for catalyst removal.2.2 CURRENT INDUSTRIAL coverCumene is an important chemic in the present industrial world and its uses are steadily increasing. The process followed for the production of cumene is the catalytic alkylation of benzene with propene and now a days zeolite based catalysts are used in place of the normal acid based catalysts due to added advantages. Cumene production process has been greatly studied and the chemical reply mechanism and the answer kinetics have been contract by many researchers. Both experimental as easily as computer based simulation and optimization studies h ave been carried out by various researchers. The significant works of various researchers which have been helpful in my project are described in apprise below.The Q-Max process converts a medley of benzene and propene to high quality cumene using a regenerable zeolite catalyst. The Q-Max process is characterized by a exceptionally high yield, better product quality, less solid waste, cross outtle in enthronization and operating court and a corrosion take over environment. The Q-Max process developed by UOP uses QZ-2000/ QZ-2001 catalyst which is a variant of zeolite. Schmidt, 20052.2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTIONThe Q-MAX process provides a in truth good cumene yield and quality. The QZ-2000 zeolite based catalyst used in the Q-MAX process ope strides with a low flow rate of benzene and hence investment and utility be are rationalised greatly. QZ-2000 is non-corrosive and regenerable, avoiding the significant maintenance and catalyst disposal problems associated with SPA and A lCl3 systems. Compared to other zeolite based cumene technologies, the Q-MAX process provides better allowance account of holdstock impurities, the highest cumene product quality and excellent stability.The Q-MAX process flow scheme is shown in fig 2.1 above. The alkylation reactor is shared into four catalytic beds present in a single reactor shell. The brisk benzene carry is passed by dint of the upper-mid section of the depropanizer pillar to remove excess water and therefore sent to the alkylation reactor. The recycle benzene to the alkylation and transalkylation reactors is a drawn from the benzene newspaper chromatography column. This mixture of fresh and recycle benzene is charged through the alkylation reactor. The fresh propene run away is split between the catalyst beds and is fully consumed in each bed. An excess of benzene helps in avoiding poly alkylation and minimizing olefin oligomerization. Because the reply is heat-releasing in nature, the temperature fig out in the alkylation reactor is controlled by recycling a slew of the reactor effluent to the reactor inlet to act as a yearning up sink. The inlet temperature of each down current bed is further slenderised to the kindred temperature as the first bed inlet by injecting a portion of cooled reactor effluent between the beds. Effluent from the alkylation reactor flows to the depropanizer column which removes the propane that entered with the propylene turn over along with excess water. The scum bags drift of the depropanizer column goes to the benzene column where excess benzene is collected overhead and recycled. The benzene column bottoms stream goes to the cumene column where the cumene product is recovered overhead. The cumene column bottoms stream, pre governingly diisopropylbenzene (DIPB), goes to the DIPB column. If the propylene run for contains excessive butylenes, or if the benzene lam contains excessive toluene, butylbenzenes and/or cumene are distilled out a nd purged from the overhead section of the DIPB column. The DIPB stream leaves the column by way of the side draw and is recycled back to the transalkylation reactor. The DIPB column bottoms incorporate of heavy evocative by-products, which are normally blended into fuel oil. Steam or hot oil provides the heat for the product constituentation section. The recycle DIPB from the overhead of the DIPB column combines with a portion of the recycle benzene and is charged downflow through the transalkylation reactor. In the transalkylation reactor, DIPB and benzene are converted to more cumene. The effluent from the transalkylation reactor is then sent to the benzene column. The new QZ-2001 catalyst is utilized in the alkylation reactor while the original QZ-2000 catalyst remains in the transalkylation reactor. Expected catalyst cycle length is 24 years, and the catalyst should last for at least three cycles with proper distribute. At the end of each cycle, the catalyst is typically re generated ex situ via a simple carbon burn by a certified regeneration contractor. However, the unit can also be designed for in situ regeneration. The Q-Max process typically produces near residue levels of cumene (between 85 and 95 mol %) and DIPB (between 5 and 15 mol %). The DIPB is separated from the cumene and is reacted with recycle benzene at optimal conditions for transalkylation to produce additional cumene. Schmidt, 2005, Peterson and Schmidt, 20022.2.2 REACTION tool AND KINETICSThe following reply mechanisms are proposed for the alkylation of benzene to cumene process. The major reactions winning place are alkylation and trans-alkylation. The other reactions involved include isomerisation and dis-proportionation. The reaction mechanism as well as the reaction kinetics may vary depending on the catalyst used. The reaction can proceed by with or without carbonium ion intermediate. Ding and Fu, 2005The rank of reaction info was obtained for different catalysts from t he work do by various researchers. The kinetic data and the reaction conditions contract by Turton et al (2003) for a particular catalyst have been used in the present work.The reaction kinetic data is shown belowpropene + benzene cumene K = 2.8 107E (kJ/kmol) 104174Rate=kcpcbPropylene + cumene p-diisoproyl benzeneK = 2.32 109E (kJ/kmol) 146742Rate=kcpcc(The unit for rates is kmol s-1 m-3)Turton et al, 2003Trans-alkylation reactionK= 6.52 10-3 exp (27240/RT)The symmetry data for trans-alkylation reaction is obtained for modified zeolite beta catalyst, YSBH-01. Lei et al, 2007From various works on cumene production mechanism the overall reaction can be assumed to consist of the following stages.AlkylationIsomerisationTransalkylationDis-proportionation2.3 PROPERTIES OF CUMENEDescription Colorless unstable with a sharp, get into aromatic or gas-like odour Budavari, 1989 Cavender, 1994Boiling Point 152.4C Lide, 1995thawing Point -96.0C Lide, 1995Density 0.8618 g/cm3 at 20C Lid e, 1995Refractive Index 1.4915 at 20C Schulz et al., 1993 1.489 at 25C Lewis, 1993Solubility Insoluble in water miscible in acetone, benzene, and ethanol Lide, 1995Flash Point 39C, closed cup Budavari, 1989responsiveness Combustible Lewis, 1993, not compatible with oxidizers, nitric acid and sulphuric acid.2.4 PROCESS externalize BASICSProcess design is a very important aspect before any project implementation as a proper design during the initial stages can save costs to a great extent. The cost involved in designing a project is very less compared to the construction cost and it can be greatly helpful in maximizing profits of the plant as well as providing a safe environment. The plot shown in Fig. 2.2 gives a brief belief of how proper plant design can cut costs to a great extent.The following tailors motivation to be taken care for a proper process design.Raw material cost reduction. Selectivity of reaction is increased by proper use of catalysts. Increasing selectivity can reduce legal separation and recycle costs.Capital-cost reduction. Better flow sheeting can reduce chapiter costs publicationivelyEnergy use reduction. Pinch menstruation analysis is used for energy saving. change magnitude process flexibility. Process plant should be able to handle a concatenation of feed compositions.Increased process safety. Nonlinear analysis can be done to make the process safer.Increased attention to quality. Reduction of by products and the effective use of process control equipment can lead to process safety.Better environmental performance. Minimization of harmful wastes to the environment.The order in which designing should be done follows a systematic procedure as shown in Fig 2.4.A process simulation diagram is drawn from the process flow diagram. The chemical components are specify. The chemical component properties are generally available in a commonplace data base. The input streams are specified. Thermodynamic fashion personate is done. Serie s of simulations are run for convergence of a particular variable. sensitiveness analysis which consists of varying the sampled variables as a function of the manipulated variables is normally done. The major parts of a cumene production plant are reactor system, separation system and they are optimized.CHAPTER 3DESIGN surgical operation, RESULT DISCUSSIONThis chapter is divided into two main parts as (i) Reactor and (ii) Separator. The reactor design involves design of equilibrium based reactor as well as kinetic based reactor. The separator system involves the design of flash armoured combat vehicle and distillate column. As the product purity is increased by increasing the working cost of the reactor, the separation cost decreases and vice versa. The sequence of numeration followed is shown in Fig. 3.1.3.1 REACTOR DESIGNReactor is the heart of a chemical process plant. Design of a reactor requires data from thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, nomadic mechanics, heat transfe r, mass transfer and economics. A properly designed reactor can minimize the production of unwanted products and hence reduce the purgation costs.The alkylation and trans-alkylation reactors are the main reactors in a cumene production plant and they shoot to be designed for optimum use of material and energy. In all the optimization work done Douglas Doctrine (the costs of raw materials and products are usually much larger than the costs of energy or capital in a typical chemical process. Therefore the process must be designed (investing capital and paying for energy) so as to not waste feed stocks or lose products (particularly in the form of inapplicable products) is followed. Luyben, 2010 Kinetic model can be considered if accurate kinetic data is available. But a plant involves industrial reactors that are very complicated and hence a proper combination of stoichiometric and kinetic reactor needs to be used. Kinetic model can determine the production rate where as stoichio metric model can describe the composition of by products and impurities necessary for the design of separators. Equilbrium based reactors like RGIBBS in ASPEN PLUS can give a realistic idea about the maximum achievable performance. They work accurately for fast reactions. The RGIBBS reactor predicts the equilibrium absorption by Gibbs free energy minimization. Dimian, 2003 Generally in reactor design an equilibrium model is prepared and then the kinetic model.The following reaction mechanism was proposed by various researchers for alkylation of benzene by cumene.3.1.1 REACTIONS CONSIDERED FOR representativeINGAlkylationpropylene + benzene cumene (1)propylene + cumene p-diisoproyl benzene (2)Isomerisationp-diisopropyl benzene m-diisopropyl benzene (3)Trans-alkylationp-diisopropyl benzene + benzene 2 cumene (4)m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene 2 cumene (5)Disproportination2 cumene p-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (6)2 cumene m-diisopropyl benzene + benzene (7)3.1.2 REACTOR DES IGN PROCEDURE IN ASPEN PLUSThe feed is a mixture of benzene and propylene such that benzene is in excess. In general propylene is not available in the pure form and has some core of propane as mucky. The separation cost of propane is high and hence normally propane is not take from the propylene feed into the reactor. A high conversion of propylene is desired and the unreacted propylene can be flashed off along with the inert propane. RGIBBS reactor works by Gibbs free energy minimization. Alkylation and trans-alkylation reactors need not be modelled separately as they can be combined into one equilibrium reactor. The reactant, products as well as the intermediates as seen from the reaction mechanisms are specified into the component list. SYSOP0 or Ideal property table is used. A temperature range of 300 to 400 ground level Celsius is specified and a proper temperature chosen. imperativeness of 25 standard extort is chosen from previous industrial research work. Luyben, 20103 .1.3 proportionality STUDIESThe equilibrium is affected by the temperature as well as the benzene/propylene rampart ratio. The alkylation and transalkylation reaction is usually carried out at atmospherical pressure. Therefore, the effect of pressure on the equilibrium was not considered in the present study.Seven reactor models are available in ASPEN PLUS. The equilibrium based RGIBBS reactor is used to find the product composition at which the Gibbs free energy of the product is minimum. The restricted chemical equilibrium approach is used and the reactions mentioned above are specified. The temperature approach for an individual reaction is used. The feed stream jetty flow is lot as 1 kmol / hr and the feed stream consists of benzene, propylene and propane (inert mixed with the propylene stream). Amount of inert in feed is kept quick-frozen. The reactor temperature is set to 3500C and the reactor pressure is set to 25 atm. (a) The selectivity of cumene and conversion of prop ylene (limiting reagent) is studied by varying the benzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed keeping the amount of inert fixed. The effect of temperature variableness (3004000C) on the selectivity and the conversion is also studied. (b) Again, the variation in the selectivity of m-DIPB and p-DIPB with temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio in the feed is studied. The conversion and selectivity were calculated using equations 8 to 11.%Selectivity of cumene = Fcumeneproduct /(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)100% (8)%Conversion of propylene = (Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod)/Fpropylenefeed 100 % (9)%Selectivity of m-DIPB = Fmdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod) 100% (10)%Selectivity of p-DIPB = Fpdipbproduct/(Fpropylenefeed-Fpropyleneprod) 100% (11)WhereFcumeneproduct = milling machinery flow rate of cumene in productFpropylenefeed = molar flow rate of propylene in feedFpropyleneprod = molar flow rate of propylene in productFmdipbproduct = molar flow rate of m-DIPB in prod uctFpdipbproduct = molar flow rate of p-DIPB in productRSTOIC reactor model was used to find the standard heat of reaction for different reactions 1 to 6 mentioned above. The standard heats of reaction have been tabulated in tabularize 3.1.1. The heat of reaction for isomerisation was found to be zero as expected. The all other reactions were found to be exothermic except trans-alkylation reactions as observe from the table. display panel 3.1.1 Standard Heats of chemical reactionReaction NumberStandard Heat of Reaction (Kcal/Kg mol)1-23.6702-24.3213040.64950.6496-0.3257-0.324Effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio.The effect of temperature and benzene/propylene mole ratio on equilibrium conversion of propylene and selectivity of products, cumene, m-DIPB, and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1. The conversion of propylene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio for a fixed temperature as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of reduc ed proportion of propylene in feed. However, variation of conversion of propylene was found to be negligibly small above the benzene/propylene mole ratio in feed of 3. The conversion of propylene was found to decrease with increase in temperature for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as observed from the Fig. 3.1.1(a). This is because of the fact that overall heat of reactions is exothermic as shown in Table 3.1.1.The selectivity of cumene was found to increase with increase in benzene/propylene mole ratio at a fixed temperature as the polyalkylation reactions are reduced because of excess amount of benzene present in the feed (Fig. 3.1.1(b)). Again, with increase in temperature, the selectivity of cumene increases for a fixed benzene/propylene mole ratio as transalkylation reactions (endothermic, Table 3.1.1) are dominant at high temperature.The distribution of m-DIPB and p-DIPB is shown in Fig. 3.1.1 (c). From the figure it was observed that selectivity of m-DIPB is significan tly higher than p-DIPB. This is because of the fact that m-DIPB is thermally more stable compared to p-DIPB. Therefore, p-DIPB formed in alkylation reaction isomerises to more stable meta isomer.Effect of inert on equilibrium. The propylene stream used in alkylation process is usually obtained by pyrolysis of petroleum fractions that contains small amount of propane as impurity. Propane need not be take away from the propylene stream as it acts as an inert and does not take part in the reaction. Presence of inert has very slight effect on the conversion as well as selectivity as shown in Fig.3.1.2. The conversion of propylene decreases slightly with higher passel percent of inert in feed and increases slightly with the same.3.1.4 KINETICS BASED REACTOR MODELKinetics based rate data was obtained from the work of various researches and is mentioned above. A RPLUG model is used in ASPEN PLUS to model the reactor. The design model specified in the book by Turton et al (2003) is used. The reactions occur in the drying up phase in the presence of a solid catalyst (assumed to have 0.5 void fraction and a 2000 kg/m3 solid density). The reactor is run at high pressure (25 bar) since the moles of reactants are more than the moles of product (Le Chateliers principle). A temperature of 360 degree C and a benzene/Propylene mole ratio of 6 is used. A flow rate of 330 kmol/hr is used for the simulation.The kinetic model generated few errors such as RPLUG exited because integration failed. index = (-1) probable cause is incorrect kinetics. check rate-constant parameters and molar volume calculations.3.1.5 PRODUCT OUTPUT FROM REACTORAssuming the RGIBBS model for the initial calculations for distillation columns can give a good idea about the distillation process in a cumene plant. RGIBBS model with an input feed rate of 100 kmol/hr and benzene propylene feed ratio of 61 with an inert concentration of 5% in propylene stream, temp. of 360 degree C and a pressure of 25 bar i s used. The flow rates obtained at the product side are noted.The non condensable components in the product side i.e. propylene and propane are removed in flash tankful. These components have fuel value only as they cannot be completely purified. So the reaction conditions should be so adjusted that the propylene in feed is in all converted to the product. The concentration of non-condensable components from reactor is given in Table 3.1.2. This data is used for further designing.Table 3.1.2 Mole flow rate of components from reactorComponentMole Flow kmol/hr benzine72.85Cumene10.31m-DIPB1.77p-DIPB0.47TOTAL85.43.2 PREDICTING VLE CHARACTERISTICSReactors and separators can be considered as the back bone of any chemical process plant. The cost optimization of any plant depends largely on the reactors and the distillation columns. The basis of distillation is phase equilibrium that may be VLE (Vapour liquid equilibrium) and LLE (Liquid liquid equilibrium). Before designing any distilla tion equipment the VLE characteristics need to be studied as they give a fair amount of idea about the ease of distillation. The Txy diagram or temperature versus liquid composition (x) and dehydration composition (y) are plotted. A fat curve generally shows that the liquids in a mixture can be easily separated.The boiling point data of the three major components in the distillation column is shown in Fig. 3.2.1 below.Table 3.2.1 Boiling point of componentsComponentBoiling point in degree CelsiusBenzene80.2Cumene152.4DIPB209.8The product stream from a condenser tank is sent to a distillation column. RADFRAC model is used. In the industrial process three distillation columns are used i.e benzene column, followed by cumene column and DIPB column.The RADFRAC model is a rigorous model for various multistage liquid vapour fractionation operations and hence is used for the simulation Before passing game in for the design of the distillation column the VLE diagrams need to be considered. The industrial processes currently followed show that in the 1st column benzene and cumene need to be primarily separated and in the 2nd column cumene and DIPB need to be separated. The NRTL (non random two liquid) physical property package is used used to plot the vapour liquid equilibrium T-XY for Benzene-cumene and Cumene-DIPB systems. The VLE plots are shown in Fig 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 for different systems.It can be inferred from plots Fig. 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 that separation would be lucky and a distillation column with fewer trays and a smaller ebbing ratio can be used. Azeotrope is not formed. Flash distillation should be tried as separation is easier.3.3 FLASH distillate TANK DESIGNDistillation is tried using flash tank as the cost of operation is very low. FLASH2 model is selected. SYSOP0 property method is selected, which works by ideal or Roults law. Pressure of the flash tank is set as 1 bar. The input flow rate is same as mentioned in Table 3.1.2. The minimum boiling point in the mixture is that of benzene at 80.2 degree C at 1 atm and hence a temperature of 85 to 97.5 is considered for fanfare. The mole fractions of benzene and cumene in the bottom and top products are found out at various flashing temperatures and plotted in Fig. 3.3.1.Assuming a product purity of 95% benzene in the top product the flashing temperature is identified to be 92.5 degree C. The flow rates from the flashing tank is shown in Table 3.3.1.Table 3.3.1 Concentration of products from the flash tank92.5 degree CBenzeneCumenem-DIPBp-DIPBBOTTOM Product18.9518657.893849631.684738320.45287993TOP product5.39E+012.416150310.085261670.01712006The flow rates of Table 3.3.1 act as a feed to the benzene column.3.4 BENZENE DISTILLATION COLUMN DESIGN3.4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURERADFRAC-1 is selected for designing the Benzene distillation column. SYSOP0 property method is selected and the flow rates from Table 3.3.1 are used. The pressure is kept fixed at 1.75 bar and the temperature is kept fixed a t 90 degree Celsius. These two variables are obtained from the experimental data specified by Turton et al (2003). These temperature and pressure data have been used in the work by Luyben (2010). The variables that can be optimized are reflux ratio, number of feed trays, feed tray location and distillate rate. In the initial supposition the distillate rate is kept at half the value of the feed rate. A total condenser is used in the process and an equilibrium based approach is used.3.4.2 REFLUX RATIO OPTIMIZATIONThe number of trays (including kettle hole and condenser as a tray) is kept fixed at any value say 15. The feed tray is vary keeping the number of trays fixed. flat for each different ratio of number of trays to feed tray a series of reflux ratio starting from 0.1 is considered. The process is run and the mole fraction of benzene in the top product as well as the reboiler heat load data are used and a graph is plotted as shown in Fig 3.4.1. Reflux ratio is optimized by t he variable mole fraction of benzene in the top product.An optimum reflux ratio value of about 0.5 is identified from Fig 3.4.1. At higher values of feed tray location (close to reboiler) lesser reflux ratio is required. Note that condenser is considered as the first stage and the rebolier as the last.3.4.3 hang TRAY LOCATION OPTIMIZATIONThe reflux ratio is kept fixed at 0.5 and the number of trays is kept fixed at 15. The position of the feed tray is varied and its affect on the reboiler heat load and the mole fraction of benze

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching

My Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy can be broken up into diametrical components. The first being the economic consumption of education, second, the spirit of familiarity the students has, third the nature of the student, fourth the method that is used when teaching, and last, simply not least the curriculum that is taught in schools. I feel that the purpose of education is to create a better person as vigorous as a better environment. Today, people need education to a greater extent than ever, whether its preschool, middle school, high school, or even college. If a person has an education, they result grant better job stability, which means that wouldnt lose their job. technology bring nears better day by day. Jobs that required manual work fifteen years ago are now using computers or machines to get the work do. For example factorys these days use computers and machines to do mostly all the work, unlike years ago when everything had to be done by hand. I do not know, n or do I fatality to know how it would feel to consider a nonliving thing to scoot my job. This could cause a person to have some serious cordial downfalls which brings me to Rousseau. I agree with him when he says people should be able to exact their own decision and have the right to choose to be good, physically fit, and happy. These three important things can better a persons life. The nature of knowledge is what I want to talk about next. Knowledge to me is comprehension that sticks with a person eternally. I believe knowledge can be on inherited from new(prenominal) family members. Fortunate for some, not too fortunate for others. most children are born with the ability to strike, but, how fast a pace they learn makes a difference. A perfect example is if a student goes to Harvard, much than likely has previou... ... pull up stakes give me the opportunity to make these ideas I have into reality. I know that after few years of teaching, I will make a lot of changes and adjustments. Seeing the varieties of teaching styles of my co-workers as sound as experimenting. eventually would like to be able to join groups with other teachers and professionals that will allow me to learn more about teaching. Well, there you have it, my philosophy of education. I am aware that there are some(prenominal) ways of teaching and I am going to experience the different kinds. I am going to be very open-minded about other teachers philosophies and not criticize them. The variety of people is what makes the work go round and that is why all the teachers have different ways of teaching. However, I feel that the importance of these five components need to be stressed end-to-end the classrooms in all types of schools.

Personal Gods, Deism, & ther Limits of Skepticism :: essays research papers fc

In order to pertain our discussion of the legitimate philosophical, scientific, and religious aspects of the intuition and religion quagmire we wishing a frame of reference to guide us. What I present here(predicate) is an elaboration on a classification scheme proposed by Michael Shermer. (5) Shermer suggests that there are three worldviews, or "models," that state can adopt when sentiment close to attainment and religion. According to the same worlds model there is merely one reality and acquisition and religion are two una like ways of looking at it. Eventually both will encounter on the same final answers, within the limited capabilities of human beings to really pursue such(prenominal) fundamental questions. The conflicting worlds model asserts that there is that one reality (as the same world scenario to a fault acknowledges) only that cognition and religion collide head on when it comes to the shape that reality takes. some(prenominal) one or the ot her is correct, but not both (or maybe neither, as Immanuel Kant might have argued). In the separate worlds model science and religion are not only different kinds of human activities, but they pursue entirely separate goals. Asking about the similarities and differences between science and religion is the philosophical equivalent of comparing apples and oranges. "These are two such different things," Shermer told Sharon Begley in Newsweeks cover story "Science Finds matinee idol," "it would be like using baseball stats to prove a point in football." development Shermers model as a starting point for thinking about S&R, I realized that something is missing. One cannot reasonably blab out about the conflict between science and religion unless one also specifies what is meant by religion or God (usually there is less argumentation on what is meant by science, though some philosophers and social scientists would surely disagree). So what makes Shermers p icture incomplete is the very important fact that different people have different Gods. I am not referring to the relatively barbarian variations of the idea of God among the major monotheistic religions, but to the fact that God can be one of many radically different things, and that unless we restrict which God we are talking about, we will not make any further progress. My tentative solution to the problem is therefore presented in interpret 1. Here the panoply of positions concerning the S&R debate is arranged on two axes on the abscissa we have the level of contrast between science and religion, which goes from none (same worlds model) to moderate (separate worlds) to high (conflicting worlds).

Roses Journey Upon the Ship of Dreams :: Creative Writing Titanic History Essays

Roses move around Upon the Ship of DreamsMy journey started when I saw a report on the television. The reportwas about a construe which the ocean archaeologists found. The assurewas of me, non now a course merely when I was a young teenager. Titanicresearchers with the ocean archaeologists were looking for a sanguinewhich was worn by someone on the titanic, theyd been looking for 20years but now theyd come across a exhibit of a lady wearing it aroundher neck. They had found the picture miles under the ocean, they wereshowing there foundings on TV. I just caught a little glimpse of theimage on TV. I was ecstatic I was so excited I thought I had lostthat picture for ever but I was wrong. It was remarkable that thepicture had been under water for nearly degree centigrade years and it was still ingood condition. I had to see it, for real. I phoned the helpline ayoung objet dart answered the phone there was lots of racket in thebackground but could here this young man speaking on top of it all,hullo how we can help you? He asked.I replied by saying I wanted to know if you have found the heart ofthe ocean to date? He sounded quite surprised.Whats your name? he asked.Rose Dawson I responded.Now, Rose Dawson you have me attention, he uttered. Now tell me whothat lady in the picture is Rose? he continue to questioned.The lady in that picture is me I said.That cant be true, if it was, u must be over 100 years old heclaimedActually Im 101 next month I counteredI was invited to the ship, not the titanic, but to the research ship.I stepped out of the helicopter. There were so some(prenominal) machines and somuch noise and racket. There were people running about, It reminded meof that dark when the ship hit the ice berg. I felt so vulnerable. Iwas also quite anxious to believe that I was here 100 years ago, whenthe titanic foundered. I could see the sights I saw that day, crown of thornsmy mind back and forth. It was same a time bomb had detonate in myhead and I was remembering everything.The young man presented my room. It was so basic two beds and a windowand a TV. I was communion my room with my granddaughter who I didntthink knew what was going on, she look confused. Would like anythingelse Mrs. Dawson the young man asked.

Progression Of Islamic Art Essay -- essays research papers

There exist deuce-ace basic components of traditional Muslim stratagem calligraphy, geometric patterns, and patterned and vegetative motifs. These three stylistic tools argon beautifully rendered and masterfully integrated into colonial works of subterfuge, but there is no question that artistic sentimentualization is severely limited under these categorizations. However, this limitation stems from Islamic theology and concept of art. The main reason for the limitation imposed on visual art is the Islamic theological prohibition of representational imagery. Social laws presented in the hadith pr thus farted the representation of figures because any imitation was deemed idolatrous. Also, art is considered to be decorative and imitative. script and patterns are used to decorate objects, whether they be architectural structures, prayer rugs, ceramics, and books. The geometric objects naturally led to artistic patterning and repetition. Although the Islamic community prohibi ted figural imagery, the communitys rapid expansion during the centuries after its inception reduce the rigidity of traditional customs. Assimilated countries and cultures that practiced figural art before the Islamic armies came continued to do so. These assimilated artistic styles did utilize figural imagery, yet they serene reflected the traditional artistic components of Islam. The introductory plaque at the entrance of the Islamic Art collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art states that Islamic art is characterized by stasis, and that even assimilated foreign styles have always retained its ingrained look and unique identity. The beautifully rendered book miniatures of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp illustrate this last depute wonderfully. The Shahnama, translated as The Book of Kings, is an Iranian national epic penned by the poet Firdausi surrounded by 975-1010 AD. Centuries later, it became the custom for shahs to have their own personal copy of the Shahnama. This na turally change the quality of the book into measurement of status. The second shah of the Safavid dynasty, Tahmasp, was a great suspensor of the arts. Not only did he have his copy ornamented with gold, silver, rich colors, and graceful calligraphy, he employed the most distinguished artists of the time to paint the two-hundred-and 58 inked figural miniature paintings that accompany each page of text. Although all the miniatures are of similar style,... ...y man. Though the painting may imply universal plight, the delineation represents a particular second gear in time. Although violent, the miniature presents the moment of apprehension, the moment before the impact of the sword and the resulting death through which one leaves the mortal(a) realm for the divine. In fact, the uniform face heightens the tension of the painting, because the observer gets no sense of the warriors predictions of victory or defeat. The outcome is unknown to the warriors, even though symbolically Allah knows for the result is written above in the text. regular(a) the observer of the work knows following his or her reading. The warriors ignorance only makes the fate defeat and death more tragic. The war ends in a Sufarai victory and the national honor of pre-Islamic Iran is restored. Interestingly, Islamic history has nothing to do with the capacitance of the story, yet its influence is apparent in the Arabic text, geometric designs, floral motifs, and resulting implications. Though breaking the proscription of images, the Sufarai Victory Over the Haital, as sound as all the miniatures in Tahmasps Shahnama, retain the intrinsic quality and unique identity of Islamic art.

Discussing Valentine and I Wouldnt Thank You for a Valentine Essay

Discussing Valentine and I Wouldnt Thank You for a ValentineFor this poetry subsidisation I will be discussing the poesys Valentineby chirrup Ann Duffy and I Wouldnt Thank You for a Valentine by LizLochhead. The poets have similar views about relationships merely expressthese views in tell apart ways. In order to analyse their contrastingstyles it would be beneficial to cipher at their backgrounds.Carol Ann Duffy was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1955 but was broughtup in Stafford, England. She worked as a free-lance writer in EastLondon, and then she moved to Manchester where she currently teaches imaginative writing at the Metropolitan University. Collections includeStanding Female unclothed and Selling Manhattan.Liz Lochhead was also born in Scotland in 1947. She is a known economical poet, dramatist and performance artist. She began as alecturer in fine art, but became a full time writer in the 70s.Collections include Memo for spring and The Grimm Sisters. Boththese poet s backgrounds and upbringings are stand for as LizLochhead uses Scottish dialectal lecture and phrases while Carol Duffydoes not. Lochhead uses words such as auld and canny. This is notreflected in Carol Ann Duffys poem. This is possibly because she wasbrought up in England so had forgotten the Scottish dialect.The structure of Valentine by Carol Ann Duffy is not that of aregular poem. It is pen in free verse and in that respect is no obvious verse line scheme or rhythm. The lines and stanzas are all completelydifferent and there seems to be no pattern. This gives the poem a morepersonal twin and possibly shows that the poem was heartfelt andthese judgements were written down as the poet thought them. The lines... ...ould possibly offend a female adopteris she is disapproving these ideas- when another(prenominal) lady may love it. Forexample if a man bought his female child a diamond ring and proposed ,Liz Lochhead is rejecting this idea If you sent me a solitaire andpromi ses solemnyoud entirely fail to charm me , in position Id detestit. This may put some volume off this poem if they find these thingssentimental.I find that I unite with Carol Ann Duffys Valentine better than I wouldnt thank you for a Valentine because it has deeper meaningand seems to be more serious and has really came from the heart. LizLochheads poem still shows true feeling but she doesnt present it aswell as Carol Ann Duffy. Some people may look at Valentine and laughbecause the poet is comparing love to an onion but when you read thecomparisons they are very true and meaningful.

Margaret Hilda Thatcher Essay examples -- essays research papers

Margaret Hilda Thatcher     Margaret Hilda Thatchers overwhelming champion of self-confidence andambition ruled her life from the time she was a base child in Grantham, thoughher Oxford eld and during her early days in politics. It led her to becomethe initial female Prime Minister of considerable Britain, and also helped through herdifficult political years as "Attila the Hun".     Britains first female Prime Minister was born on October 13, 1925 in asmall room over a grocers shop in Grandham, England. Margaret Hilda was the heartbeat daughter of Alfred and Beatrice Roberts. She often stated that she wasbrought up very strictlyI owe everything in my life to two things a good home, and a good education.My home was ordinary, still good in the sense that my parents were turbulentlyinterested in the future of my sister and myself. At the same time, they gaveus a good education - not only in school, but at home as well (Gardiner, 1 975,p.13).As a child, minginess and practicality were instilled in Margaretscharacter. The Methodist church played an active fraction in the lives of theRoberts. She looked good schools as a child and spent her years deliberateing withthe intent of attending Oxford. Margaret arrived at Oxford in the autumn of1943. During her years here, Margaret worked in a canteen for the war effort,continued her interest in music by joining various choirs and joined the OxfordUniversity Conservative standstill where she became very active in itspolitical activities.     After Oxford, Margaret became the youngest female outlook of theDartford Association. She was unofficially engaged to Denis Thatcher at thistime, and they married in December 1951. twin were born the following year.During this period, she studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1954. In thesame year she was a candidate for the Oysington Conservative Association.     Margaret won in a Tory landslide at Finchley, a suburb of London in 1959.Her parliamentary career had begun. A stroke of good luck gave her theluck of presenting her first bill almost immediately. This bill was toallow the press to attend the meetings of the local councils. The bill waseventually passed and it greatly enhanced her reputation. In 1964 she was partof the opposition... ... "ideology isempirical and instinctive, but not the product of great study or reflection, andit amounts to a rather simple (though not unsophisticated) radicallibertarianism"(Mayer, 1979, p.11). Mayer goes on to say that she is hardly amother-figure for a nation. Though she is caring and tactful with closeassociates, she does not project warmth or humor. The public sees her as astrict nanny, not a loving mommy. She is tough disposed(p) and has great stamina anda tenacious spirit. Thatcher has stated that she has never doubted her inherent convictions.     Margaret Thatcher grew up in an e ra when women were not normallysuccessful as politicians or as business women. Even so, she managed totransform her sex from a liability to a major political asset. She may havebeen unpopular at times due to her approach to life and politics, but a "softer"female Prime Minister might not have been as effective. Recognition was earnedthrough her overwhelming sense of ambition and dedication to the job "Thatcher,Milk Snatcher" was bestowed the title Baroness and there-by received therecognition that she had coveted all her life.

How are the Female Characters Presented in the stories Country Lovers

How are the Female Char moveers Presented in the stories Country Lovers and veronica The vitriolic girl Thebedi is one of the main characters in the storyCountry Lovers She lives in South Africa under the apartheid whichwas a system of government which involved a segregation act betweenwhites and sullens, so she hasnt as much rights as whites do, becauseof this she is restricted and hampered by her culture.The Educational system started with both white and sick children inprimary grooming where they spoke local dialect and therefore after thatthe white children went to secondary education where they learntStandard English and the blacks went to go and learnt the languageof authority. There was also at the time an Immorality act which waswhere it was illegal for a white person to have a blood with ablack person. This made Paulus Eysendyck and Thebedi keep the lovewith each different secretly She had to get away before the houseservants who knew her, came in at dawn This shows they havecompassion and determination to keep the relationship going. Paulus isin charge of the relationship for example He told her each time,where to meet again.Paulus and Thebedi have known each other since they were children.Paulus is son of the owner of the elevate where Thebedi comes to worklater in the story. Paulus is a white boy, and Thebedi is a blackgirl. They used to play on the farm as children and had primaryeducation together. When he comes home for the holidays, he broughther presents, and Thebedi also give him a homemade bracelet. Thebracelet is admired very much by his friends at school. Meanwhile, ablack young man, Njabulo, falls in love with Thebedi, and wishes thathe could be the ... ...ronica the most essential issue of the story and what itall amounts to is Tradition. The life Veronica led was steeped intradition. Every aspect of the story is based nearly tradition. It wastraditional for men to go move out to work and women to stay in the home tocook, cl ean and look after the children. This would explain her lackoff education and why the opportunity of going to a school as a childwas not open to her. There was not as many opportunities open to womenbecause it was unusual for women to go out to work or get a job. Bytradition, men have the more rife role. Veronica was a weak femaleso this would explain why she took unnecessary punishment of herfather when she was younger. This also would explain why women as awhole where expected to stay at home. These are the reasons why Ibelieve Veronica did not leave for the city with Okek.