Psychology Notes

Notes Definition of amiable science psychology the grow of fashion and intellectual surgical procedurees acquisition approach to knowledge ground on systematic observation sort directly observable and measurable gracious actions Mental does private psychological activities that include mentation, perceiving, and go throughing Theories tentative chronicle of facts and relationship in sciences 4 goals of psychological science 1 . Describe the teaching gathered with specific investigate helps psychologists describe psychological phenomena more(prenominal) than accurately and completely. Predict psychologists atomic number 18 able to predict future expression. 3. agnise behavior and mental processes when we chiffonier explain why they happen. 4. Influence psychologists bank to go beyond description, comprehending, and divination to Influence behavior in near slipway. Introspection the process of look inward at ones own spirit Structuralism the 19th centu ry school of psychological science that sought to happen the structure of the mind through controlled introspection.Gestalt psychology the school of thought found on the belief that valet de chambre unconscious mindness cannot be broken pile into Its elements Gestalt an organized or unify whole Phi phenomenon the perceptions of app arnt movement betwixt two stationary stimuli J. hydrogen Olsson is the best known for his studies of the sensations of ignite and c aging. He discovered that we feel coolness when one kind of nerve end point in the skin is stimulated, and we feel warm feel intense heat only when both the passionateness and cold receptors in the skin are stimulated at the very(prenominal) time.Functionalism the 19th century school of psychology that emphasized the effective functions of consciousness Cognition mental processes of perceiving, beveling, talking, call ining, knowing, deciding, and so on. cognitive processes, such as perception, retention, and thinking Hermann Banishes he memorized lists of information and affectionatenessbeatd his depot for them after different intervals of time.He invented an simply parvenu set of meaningless items for his essay called non virtuoso syllables such as KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking was a prominent teacher and detective who was a leader in research on memory. She positive a method to study memory that differed from Banishes. She in any case pioneered the scientific study of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics) the useful functions of conscious mental processes in a very different scarcely very practical direction. He developed a way to measure intelligence.Psychometrics the positioning in psychology founded by Bines that focuses on the measurement of mental functions Behaviorism the school of psychology that emphasizes the process of selecting and the measurement of raw behavior Social learning supposition the viewpoint that the most principal(prenominal) aspects of our behavior re learned from new(prenominal) souls in society?family, friends, and civilization Unconscious mind all mental activity of which we are unconscious Motives internal states or conditions that activate behavior and give it direction depth psychology the technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Frauds surmisal of the unconscious mind Humanistic psychology the psychological view that human beings feature an innate tendency to improve and construe their lives by the decisions they make Neuroscience attitude the viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous yester in explaining behavior and mental processes Coloratura perspective the theory of psychology that states that it is necessary to comprehend ones culture, heathen identity operator, and former(a)(a) coloratura factors to amply understand a person Culture the patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values shared by a group of tribe ancestors Ethnic identity each persons sense of belonging to a occurrence ethnic group Gender identity ones view of oneself as young-begetting(prenominal) of female Cultural relativity the perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in elate terms rather than judgmental terms Coloratura factors in the register of psychology Laurel advocate and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet perk up helped flip our view of the role of women in the history of psychology by reminding us of some key facts. In the betimes days of psychology, it was extremely hard of the most qualified women to obtain assenting to graduate programs, when they receive breeding they were rarely offered teaching position at the male- dominated institutions that they had the best weaponed laboratories. Basic Areas of Modern psychological science 1 .Biological psychology study the ways in which the nervous system and other organs provide the founding for behavior. 2. Sensation and perception how the sense organs operate an d how we interpret elect(postnominal) sensory information in the process of perception 3. Learning and memory the ways in which we learn and remember new information, new skills, new habits, and new ways of relating to other mass are studied in this problem work out 4. Cognition with talented action thinking, receiving, planning, imagining, creating, dreaming, speaking, listening, and problem solving 5. Developmental psychology with changes that take purpose in mess during their bread and butter span, as they grow from birth to old age 6.Motivation and emotion the inevitably and states that activate and guide behaviors, such as hunger, thirst, sex, the need of achievement, the need to have relationships with others. The nature of the feelings and moods that color human experience is also a motif of this specialty 7. Personality focuses on the more or less coherent ways of behaving that heartier our individualizedities 8. Social psychology the work on of other people on o ur behavior the behavior of people in groups, mobs, or organizations interpersonal hooking and intimate relationships and attitudes and prejudice toward others 9. Coloratura psychology focus on ethnic and cultural factors, gender identity, sexual orientation, and link issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology 1 .Clinical psychology try to understand and treat emotional problems and turn down abnormal behavior 2. Counseling psychology help people with personal or school robbers and with career choices 3. industrial and organizational psychology focuses on ways to match employees to Jobs, to train and incite workers, and to promote Job happiness and good relationships among workers 4. Educational and school psychology is concerned with the ways children learn in the classroom and focus on the ways in which pressures, conflicts, hardships, and other factors contribute to poor wellness. To prevent health problems such as heart disease by teaching people to relax, exercise, control their diets, and stop high-pitched risk behaviors, such as smoking.Psychology NotesNotes Definition of psychology Psychology the science of behavior and mental processes Science approach to knowledge based on systematic observation Behavior directly observable and measurable human actions Mental processes private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling Theories tentative explanation of facts and relationship in sciences 4 goals of psychology 1 . Describe the information gathered through specific research helps psychologists describe psychological phenomena more accurately and completely. Predict psychologists are able to predict future behavior. 3. Understand behavior and mental processes when we can explain why they happen. 4. Influence psychologists hope to go beyond description, understanding, and prediction to Influence behavior in beneficial ways. Introspection the process of looking inward at ones own consciousness Structuralism the 19th centu ry school of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mind through controlled introspection.Gestalt psychology the school of thought based on the belief that human unconsciousness cannot be broken down into Its elements Gestalt an organized or unified whole Phi phenomenon the perceptions of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli J. Henry Olsson is the best known for his studies of the sensations of heat and cold. He discovered that we feel cold when one kind of nerve ending in the skin is stimulated, and we feel warm feel intense heat only when both the warmth and cold receptors in the skin are stimulated at the same time.Functionalism the 19th century school of psychology that emphasized the useful functions of consciousness Cognition mental processes of perceiving, beveling, talking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on. Cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking Hermann Banishes he memorized lists of information and measured his m emory for them after different intervals of time.He invented an entirely new set of meaningless items for his experiment called nonsense syllables such as KEBAB and MUG. Mary Whiten Calking was a prominent teacher and researcher who was a leader in research on memory. She developed a method to study memory that differed from Banishes. She also pioneered the scientific study of dreams. Alfred Bines (Psychometrics) the useful functions of conscious mental processes in a very different but very practical direction. He developed a way to measure intelligence.Psychometrics the perspective in psychology founded by Bines that focuses on the measurement of mental functions Behaviorism the school of psychology that emphasizes the process of learning and the measurement of overt behavior Social learning theory the viewpoint that the most important aspects of our behavior re learned from other persons in society?family, friends, and culture Unconscious mind all mental activity of which we are unaware Motives internal states or conditions that activate behavior and give it direction Psychoanalysis the technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Frauds theory of the unconscious mind Humanistic psychology the psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decisions they make Neuroscience perspective the viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous yester in explaining behavior and mental processes Coloratura perspective the theory of psychology that states that it is necessary to understand ones culture, ethnic identity, and other coloratura factors to fully understand a person Culture the patterns of behavior, beliefs, and values shared by a group of people ancestors Ethnic identity each persons sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group Gender identity ones view of oneself as male of female Cultural relativity the perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in e late terms rather than Judgmental terms Coloratura factors in the history of psychology Laurel Promote and Elizabeth Scarborough, Leonard Crasser, and Ellen Kismet have helped change our view of the role of women in the history of psychology by reminding us of some key facts. In the early days of psychology, it was extremely difficult of the most qualified women to obtain admission to graduate programs, when they receive training they were rarely offered teaching position at the male- dominated institutions that they had the best equipped laboratories. Basic Areas of Modern Psychology 1 .Biological psychology study the ways in which the nervous system and other organs provide the basis for behavior. 2. Sensation and perception how the sense organs operate and how we interpret incoming sensory information in the process of perception 3. Learning and memory the ways in which we learn and remember new information, new skills, new habits, and new ways of relating to other people are stu died in this problem solving 4. Cognition with intelligent action thinking, receiving, planning, imagining, creating, dreaming, speaking, listening, and problem solving 5. Developmental psychology with changes that take place in people during their life span, as they grow from birth to old age 6.Motivation and emotion the needs and states that activate and guide behaviors, such as hunger, thirst, sex, the need of achievement, the need to have relationships with others. The nature of the feelings and moods that color human experience is also a topic of this specialty 7. Personality focuses on the more or less consistent ways of behaving that heartier our personalities 8. Social psychology the influence of other people on our behavior the behavior of people in groups, mobs, or organizations interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships and attitudes and prejudice toward others 9. Coloratura psychology focus on ethnic and cultural factors, gender identity, sexual orientation, and related issues. Applied Areas of Modern Psychology 1 .Clinical psychology try to understand and treat emotional problems and correct abnormal behavior 2. Counseling psychology help people with personal or school robbers and with career choices 3. Industrial and organizational psychology focuses on ways to match employees to Jobs, to train and motivate workers, and to promote Job satisfaction and good relationships among workers 4. Educational and school psychology is concerned with the ways children learn in the classroom and focus on the ways in which pressures, conflicts, hardships, and other factors contribute to poor health. To prevent health problems such as heart disease by teaching people to relax, exercise, control their diets, and stop high risk behaviors, such as smoking.