Riddells Safe Helmets Marketing Plan

Riddells Safe Helmets trade PlanRiddell, the brainchild of John Tate Riddell, has a long and illustrious history of introducing in advance(p) sports equipment. Since 1929 the Riddell Sports has been producing technologically innovative performance equipment aimed at providing athletes efficient recourse gear (Riddell, 2012). A wide range of sports equipment is manufactured by Riddell Sports ranging from its near public product the football game game game helmets to other sports equipment such(prenominal) as raise pads, face masks, body pads and helmet chin straps. In 2006 Riddell Bell Holdings and Easton Sports unify their operations forming Easton-Bell Sports (Riddell, 2012). Riddell has been a prominent brand of Easton-Bell Sports ever since 2006 along with its other brands such as Easton, giro cheque and bell (Riddell, 2012).football is a tough sport and medical researches prove that there exist sacrosanct chances that regular players will stimulate from at least one concussion while playing for a discipline, college or professional football team (Hyde Gengenbach, 2007). Concussion is an spot to brain that is ca apply by a cowpoke or violent strike on the head (Hyde Gengenbach, 2007). The medical implications of concussion butt end be mild like suffering from a headache to severe like going into coma. Concussion is a dangerous problem plaguing Ameri lowlife football. Nearly 63,000 students participating in ten different high school sports suffer from mild concussions each year with two-third of them suffer concussions while playing football (Hyde Gengenbach, 2007). Among football players brain injury is the most common cause of death. It is the responsibility of coaches along with the school and college authorities to ensure that athletes be provided neat refuge device gear for taking part in any sport. Along with this p atomic number 18nts and athletes themselves should take proper stairs to prevent any injury which includes use o f appropriate head gear, avoiding dangerous on-field practices such as hostile tacking and head shots in hockey (Hyde Gengenbach, 2007). In case of a concussion the athletes should not be allowed to return back to field until they atomic number 18 cle ard by a neurologist after a thorough examination for possible brain injuries.The above statistics show that there exists a huge mart need for asylum sports gear. This need was effectively tapped by Riddell (Riddell, 2012). The Riddell Sports uses a variety of innovative sports technologies to manufacture safety equipment for athletes that helps them in improving their performance on field (Riddell, 2012). Through effective grocerying of its sports safety equipment Riddell lot ensure it retains the top spot in safety sports equipment manufacturing for many years to come (Riddell, 2012). Below is a detailed market plan for Riddell Sports that examines the marketing strategies soon sucked by Riddell and the possible strategies i t can adopt for better promotion of its products.SWOT analysisStrengths The master(prenominal) strengths of Riddell Sports are outlined below.Riddell is one of the leading football helmet suppliers for schools, colleges and professional football teams.Riddell is the official helmet provider of the National Football League (NFL).Low cost manufacturing and put together facilities along with excellent relationship with suppliers through and throughout the world.Riddell in like manner provides state of the art reconditioning goods for football safety gear and equipment in US that uses undercutting edge technologies like Riddell Staph-Fighter to get rid of viruses, bacteria and molds unquestionable inside the sporting gear.Weaknesses The main weaknesses of Riddell Sports are outlined below.A limited marketing budget to sire consumer brand awareness.Inability to tackle ambition from emerging protective football equipment manufacturers such as Schutt and Rawlings.Opportunities The main opportunities for Riddell Sports are outlined below.An exceptionally motivated product development team that is keen to develop innovative products turning complete safety solutions to athletes.Through optimization of supply chain operational efficiencies can be gained.Football helmet manufacturing remains an extremely lucrative business with sales for safety football gear lift from $308 million in 2009 to almost $327 million in 2010.Threats The main threats being faced by Riddell Sports are outlined below.Strong performance of Schutt Sports at all levels of football manufacturing grabbing almost 57% of total market role of safety football manufacturing (Brown, 2011).The strong re-emergence of Rawlings after a gap of two decades. In its archetypical year of operations in 2011 it captured about 6%-7% of the market (Brown, 2011). trade Plan for Riddell SportsIndustry psychoanalysisThe sports equipment industry is a very fast growing industry which makes a projected $3 card inal a year. According to Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association (SGMA) an estimated 1 million athletes were a part of high school football teams in 2002. These figures point out towards tremendous potential for sales of football associate equipment and accessories. Riddell Sports is currently the market leader in football helmet sales closely followed by Rawlings Football, Schutt Sports and Xenith.Target Market interpretationThe lay market for football equipment and accessories can be divided into four main groupsYouth union programs focused on young athletesHigh school studentsCollege studentsProfessional athletesDemographics The target market of Riddell Sports may moderate of both unmarried young men mainly falling in the 9-25 years age sustain to the married men falling in the 25-35 years age bracket.Psychographics Riddell Sports mainly aims to target men of nearly 9-35 years of age who play football this is the reason the Riddell Sports advertisements are mainly shown during NFL games when men are most likely to be watching the television. Interest is another common factor in determining psychographic trend, the target market of Riddell Sports takes equal interest in football. The interest level may vary while nigh may be interested in watching football on television others are more(prenominal) interested in playing on-field, but all are connected by their love for the game. geographical location In the US certain geographical areas are well- cognize for their love for football (Delaney Madigan, 2009). monumental evidence collected over a period of time proves that football is very popular in Texas, Florida and Alabama (Delaney Madigan, 2009). Thus, the Riddell Sports should concentrate all its energies on effectively marketing its football gear in these areas.Marketing Strategy MixProduct ReviewRiddell Sports manufactures football helmets and equipment as well as helmets and equipment used in baseball, l crosswayse and other team sports (Ri ddell, 2012). Riddell Sports may be divided into three main product categories among which are set forth as belowFootball helmets Riddell manufactures varsity football helmets, youth football helmets, football helmet face masks, and football helmet accessories (Riddell, 2012).Shoulder pads In this category Riddell in like manner manufactures varsity football shoulder pads, junior varsity shoulder pads, youth football shoulder pads (Riddell, 2012).Reconditioning services Riddell also provides a cleaning and repairing service for helmets in society to repair any broken parts and pass the helmets through a Riddell Staph-Fighter implement in straddle to completely sanitize the sports equipment and get rid of molds, viruses and bacteria hidden in the sporting gear (Riddell, 2012). The Riddell Staph-Fighter machine has an amazing kill rate of more than 99.99% of the bacteria (Riddell, 2012).Placement The version of football that closely resembles rugby football and requires athletes to wear helmets is more popular in North America and Europe. Thus, the Riddell Sports placement strategy will be more closely focused on targeting the North American market.Pricing The pricing strategy of Riddell Sports is base on close monitoring of the prices of competitors products and then developing its pricing strategy accordingly. Riddell Sports continuously strives to remain in line with its competitors prices including Rawlings Football, Schutt Sports and Xenith. Price for Riddells football helmets will also be made competitive with substitute products as well.Distribution Strategy Riddell Sport has worlds most diversified distribution network for helmets used in gymnastic and recreational activities. Riddell Sports will be distributing its football equipment through a combination of take such asMass merchantsSporting goods storesIndependent specialty retailersPositioning Statement Riddell Sports is positioned as the official helmet of the National Football League (NFL). This is a very powerful positioning teaching for Riddell since the competitors cannot imitate it as long as the Riddell Sports is the official helmet supplier of the NFL. Another important reason why it is a powerful positioning statement is because the positioning statement is visible to the customers (Reynolds, 2001). During NFL matches they can see the logo of Riddell Sports on the helmets and other safety equipment faltering by athletes.Competitor Review In the US protective football manufacturing equipment market there are three major companies that have the potential and operational and financial ability to snatch market share away from Riddell Sports. These companies areSchutt Sports pass comforting competition to Riddell Sports in the football helmet manufacturing market.Xenith Offering substantial competition to Riddell Sports in the youth football helmet market, high school football helmet market and college football helmets market.Rawlings Football Offering substanti al competition to Riddell Sports in the football helmet and apparel manufacturing market.Other competitors of Riddell sports includeDiamond Sports Offering substantial competition to Riddell Sports in the softball and baseball equipment manufacturing market.Douglas Protective Equipment Offering substantial competition to Riddell Sports in the shoulder pads manufacturing market.Marketing Communication and Promotion StrategiesPress Releases In the marketing communication context press print is a very effective tool for announcing the reach of a new product or service into the market. Press releases are usually prepared to convey positive information about the organization. The format of a press release is the same whether it is being prepared for radio, television or newspapers. Riddell Sports actively releases press releases announcing the arrival of new products in the market. Some press releases issued by Riddell in recent times areOn December 12, 2011 Riddell Sport released a pr ess statement announcing that it has entered into a exclusive partnership with National interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA) to educate athletic administrators about latest safety equipment for athletes (Riddell Press Releases, 2012).On January 12, 2012 Riddell Sports inform though a press release that it was getting Gunthers Athletic Service a West slideway company specializing in sales of sporting equipment and uniforms. The press release further mentioned that the strategic move of acquiring Gunthers will help to boast Riddells presence in West Coast (Riddell Press Releases, 2012).On February 14, 2012 Sports announced though a press release that it was renewing its helmet and equipment partnership with USA Football, which is footballs regulating body in the US (Riddell Press Releases, 2012).Consumer Brand Awareness StrategiesBillboards Non-traditional billboards effectively advertising Riddells safe helmets erected in college stadiums, densely live nei ghborhoods can help the consumers to identify with the products of Riddell helmets.Magazines Riddell Sports can prominently advertise its product offerings through major US sports magazines, since these magazines are read by athletes and sports buffs that are more likely to take interest in advertisements related to sports goods and equipment. Magazine based advertising is a very good way to promote sales of a firms goods and products. Prominent sports magazines through which Riddell sports can advertise its product offerings areSoccer AmericaSporting paroleSports IllustratedSocial Media Contemporary marketing scenario has been taken over by emerging social media conduct (Weinberg, 2009). divers(a) social media channels can be used by Riddell Sports for advertisements of its goods and services, some of the many social media channels that can be used by Riddell Sports areFaceBookYouTubeTwitterPinitRedditMixxDeliciousMedia StrategyPrint advertizement Riddell can increase consumer brand awareness by advertising through variant print media channels such as magazines, newspapers, industry periodicals, in-house publication and a direct mail campaign (Hackley, 2010).Event Marketing Organizations around the world create events that are tied around marketing of their own products (Trehan Trehan, 2007). Riddell Sports can also use various event marketing tactics to increase its customer base, some of these tactics are mentioned belowOrganizing promotional events at various schools and colleges where exhibition football matches are held and the winning team is provided cede product samples including premium items bearing companys logo for example t-shirts, hats, mugs etc.In addition to this Riddell Sports can also sponsor local art exhibits, music concerts and various other festivals where there are chances that a astronomic number of men and adult boys will be in attendance, since the main target market for Riddell safety helmets are the above mentioned two grou ps of consumers. At different locations on the event site large banners and signage featuring Riddells products can be erected which would subconsciously work to increase consumer brand awareness.Organizing such events widely contribute to increasing consumer brand awareness and can be am effective marketing ploy that can reap great benefits for the sponsoring organization if used wisely.Sales Promotion tactics Sales promotion is one of the most popular tactical weapons available to organizations around the globe which can be effectively utilized to enhance firms distinctive capabilities along with giving the organization a unique edge over its competitors (Hackley, 2010). The Riddell Sports can use various sales promotion strategies to boost firms sales. Some of the most powerful tactics which can be used by an organization areA great sales promotion tactic can be that of a offer of a price-cut on a prestigious product of the organization. For example Riddell Sports can offer pri ce-cut on its $376.99 The Game auto-changer brand of helmets or its $248.99 Revolution Speed brand of helmets (Riddell, 2012).Offering customers a free product when they buy a higher priced helmet. For example customers buying one Game Changer helmet worth around $380 would be given a free chin strap worth $8 (Riddell, 2012).Another popular consumer demand pulling marketing tactic can be the use of coupons (Fifield, 2012). Coupons are a very well-known means of offering targeted customers discounts on selected items (Fifield, 2012). In the case of Riddell helmets these coupons can be distributed in magazines, or advertised on the sports page of local newspaper from where it can be cut and presented to nearby retailer carrying Riddell helmets for a discount of a specified item. Coupons may also be distributed through direct mail or in stores and shopping malls.Broadcast media Broadcast media includes television and radio (Ranchhod, 2007). Organizations across the world use transfer media for marketing of their products and services because of the ability of this particular medium to reach a large number of people either internationally or nationally (Fifield, 2012). One of the main benefits of broadcast media is its ability to create vivid product messages that are memorable and compelling (Ranchhod, 2007). Riddell Sports also ran one such memorable television commercial during the National Football Leagues Arizona Cardinals vs. Dallas Cowboys game (Riddell, 2012).Worlds Apart Television commercial message This television commercial was aired in 2011 (Riddell, 2012). The 30 second commercial which featured top-quality Riddell football equipment gave the message that players may represent entirely different football teams but they are same because they are wearing protective gear and helmets made by Riddell (Riddell, 2012). The particular television commercial designed by HeadRush advertising agency received amazing feedback from television viewers across the US (HeadRush Creative, 2011).Celebrity Endorsements The crying (Trustworthiness, Expertise, Physical Attractiveness, Respect, and Similarity to Target Audience) model has been developed to describe the reasons why using a repute as an endorser for a firms product can produce a positive impact on the overall sales of the organization (Fifield, 2012). When customers see their favorite repute using a product they can easily identify and recall that particular product when they go for shopping (Hackley, 2010). The use of well known celebrities in advertising is a great marketing tool that has been effectively used by Riddell for marketing of its safety sports gear. The Riddell Sports has a long standing history of roping in top of the class athletes for celebrity endorsement of Riddell products. Some of the famous athletes endorsing Riddell products areDave Mirra the American BMX athlete who holds the temper for winning the highest number of X-games medals endorses Riddell helmets.T ony sky also endorses Riddell helmets. He is also famously known as birdman, for his amazing antics using skateboard. Tony Hawk holds the record for being the vertical skateboarding champion for 12 years in a row.Tanner Hall, the fabled American skier also endorses Riddell helmets. Tanner Hall has defined and pushed the limits for freestyle skiing, at the age of 28 years he holds the record for most career gold medals and thus, is a perfect choice for marketing the Riddell helmets.

Restorative Justice: Process and Outcomes

Restorative Justice Process and Out discern outsShould soda arbiter be defined as a crop or a luck of outcomes?Restorative Justice rather than relying on judges to sentence offenders, places gravid emphasis on the importance of reparation and gives a role to the dupe of the crime and the wider participation. (Newburn, T 2013768) When it comes to the debate of how recuperative referee should be defined, each as a dish up or a set of outcomes it could be said that while they twain have legitimacy, soda pop merelyice evict only be defined as ane or the other. thither is a great disagreement among critics on whether the emphasis should be determined on the outcome or the passage. A rendering of restorative justness that highlights the importance of both restorative processes and outcomes is, restorative justness is a surmisal of evaluator that emphasizes repairing the vilify ca utilise or revealed by criminal behaviour. It is best polished through cooperative pr ocesses that include all s treatholders. (Van Ness and Heetderks Strong, 200643)Marshall (199637) whos definition is most frequently quoted said that restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a stake in a particular crime come together to resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future. at heart this definition 3 core elements of restorative justice argon identified. Zehr (2003) declared that the first element is that harm must be healed, restorative justice views crime as harm done to people and communities. It seeks to repair the harm realised by offenders. The second world that violations create obligations, offenders must understand their misplay and restorative justice wants offenders to accept responsibility for their actions. The third element be engagement or participation, relationships are the focus, it is the crime that violates these relationships and restorative justice inescapably to repair them. The main aim is to mend, restore and fabricate.Dignan (2005, cited in Newburn 2013771) suggests that Marshalls definition is of very little value for several opposite reasons, one being it characterises restorative justice as a particular type of process except fails to focus on outcomes, in doing so raises the possibility that undue tending will be paid to questions of equality and fairness. It also fails to run across outcomes by diverting maintenance away from those parapraxiss where restorative justice processes whitethorn be inappropriate but where its values and aims may still apply. the process establish definition of restorative justice is at best incomplete, because it has nonhing to submit on the subject of restorative outcomes (Walgrave, 2002174) this is because there is no direct social function from the dupe makeed therefore there is nothing restorative it is just an outcome. Restorative outcomes may include, restitution, reparation and reintegration. It f emale genitalia be argued that a restorative process may not necessarily resolving in a restorative outcome. For example, within restorative conferencing where a direct victim is not present or participating, decisions on outcomes may be left to press out regulators. Walgrave argues for an outcome-based definition of restorative justice for example as an option for doing justice in the aftermath of crime that focuses on repairing the harm and suffering caused by the crime rather than preserving an abstract legal order. (Newburn, 2013772)The victim is seen to be a central stakeholder, who holds an important role in shaping both the process and outcomes of restorative justice. Victims want information about the processing and outcome of their cases, answers to their questions, authorization and vindication. The process of restorative justice is to meet the needs of crime victims that are not being adequately met by the criminal justice system. Victims may feel ignored or neglected by the justice process. Victims need answers to questions they have about the offense, why has this happened to them? Victims often feel like meet has been taken away from them by the offense. Involvement in their own case can be an important way to return a hotshot of empowerment to them. Restitution by offenders is often important to victims this may come in the form of an apology. (Zehr 200318-20). However there are potential dangers when it comes to the victim they may simply become a mere prop used in a process rather than being an empowered participant.The community is another stakeholder that is deal outed to be vital to restorative justice. There is a jeopardize of domination, authoritarianism and vigilantism. In N Ireland a restorative justice process was set up in order to stop paramilitary punishments that were being carried out. Braithwaite (1996 as cited in Newburn, 2013) said there are 3 levels at which it is possible to conceptualise the process of restoring comm unity through restorative justice practices. At a micro level it involves those who are close to both the victim and the offender. At a meso level restorative justice benefactors to nourish a sense of community within institutions such as schools, churches and so on. Lastly at a macro level it helps to focus attention on designing institutions of deliberate democracy. Communities need from justice, attention to their concerns as victims. Opportunities to build a sense of community and mutual accountability. Encouragement to take on their obligations for the welfare of their members, including victims and offenders, and for the conditions that promote healthy communities. Community also want federal agency of not to repeat the same and preventive actions. (Zehr, 200322)The offender is the third stakeholder that is consider to be of value in the restorative justice process. offenders need the probability to take responsibility for the harm caused by their behaviour towards victims . Offenders need to take away from the restorative justice process, accountability that addresses the resulting harms, encourages empathy and responsibility, and transforms shame. Encouragement to personal transformation, including heal for the harms that contributed to offending behaviour, opportunities for treatment for addictions and/or other problems, and enhancement of personal competencies. in addition encouragement and support for integration into the community (Zehr, 200321). Restorative justice aims to help prevent the offender from reoffending again in the future. Being able-bodied to shell their victims in a restorative justice process proffers a find to also develop empathy and remorse while also having input into the process. Offenders can complete this process threw community service or by publication an apology to the victim.Crawford and Newburn (2003, cited in Newburn 2013) stated that in order for there to be a restorative process, stakeholders involved rely on four forms of restorative justice practice. These practices are victim-offender mediation, conferencing, sentencing circles and community boards. This group of practices has in common a process where the offender, victim and other members of the community meet together to consider the impact of a crime or harm on victims and communities and attempt to develop a plan to repair this harm that meets the needs of those affected.In Northern Ireland, diversionary young person conferences are used as a form of restorative justice. If the offender admits their guilt, then the Public Prosecution help decides that there must be a conference involving the victim and the offender. participation in conferences are voluntary. The offender is attached the opportunity to discuss the offence and what he/she is prepared to do to repair the harm caused to the victim. The victim is given the opportunity to tell the offender of the impact the offence has had and what they feel should be done to r epair the harm. This may for example include an apology or reparation to the victim or community. (Public Prosecution Service N.I. 2008). Youth Conferences provide an effective, fair, proportionate and restorative response to those offending which provides satisfactory outcomes for victims. The aims of a youth conference are about repairing relationships, making amends and to be able to reintegrate back into society.To conclude it could be argued that when it comes to defining restorative justice as a process or outcome it can cause disagreement amongst critics. Gavrielides (2007) stated that those who agree with a process-based definition, tend to limit the image of restorative programmes to cases that are considered appropriate for a restorative justice interpellation or to those in which both parties are willing to participate and offer by the ground rules. However, restorative programmes may appear in different shapes and forms. By adhering, therefore, to a definition that un derstands restorative justice as a process, we risk excluding the mostly restorative and partially restorative programmes. And this is only one of the limitations of this approach. On the other hand, those who agree with the definition of outcome-based definitions risk stretching the concept to include programmes for example community service, which although may in the end result with restorative outcomes, they might not be carried out respecting central restorative rules.

History of Education in Afghanistan

autobiography of rearing in afghanistanEarly Modernism to Present Day PoliciesThis chapter presents a chronological narrative ab tabu the evolution and flips in Afghan topic reading goals and outcomes and issues related to teacher rearing in a ethnical/historical context. Traditional views regarding precept goals and practice provide the basic mental interior(a)(a) for cause the progress and challenges to cont fired universal procreation in the nation.The historical noesis in this chapter is tumesce documented in numerous sources, as well as having been com status of the authors own procreation as a voltaic shaver and adolescent in Kabul cultivates. Important references from which reli qualified objective learning was drawn include the Ministry of Education (1968) report on the last cardinal socio-economic classs of training, as well as other books, reports, and documents (Dupree, L., 1973 Poullada,1973 Rashid, 2008 Rotberg, 2007 Rubin, 2002 Sadat, 2004 Sama dy, 2001 and 2013 Sarvi, 2003 Tomsen, 2011). These sources were consistent in their reporting of plaints related to breeding progress or decline. Their general agreement on facts enab guide me as author to weave together this history without al directions attri plainlying the genteelness to a specific source. Other, less central, historical sources are include as citations where appropriate.Although non an Arabic nation, Afghanistan does share the religion of Islam with Arab Muslim nations, as well as the Arabic script essential to reading the sacred Quran. Dari and Pashto, the two main languages of Afghanistan, are derivatives of Indo-European (Indo-Aryan), not Semitic (Arabic/Hebrew) languages. Afghanistan is part of the historical stream of Islamic culture embracing the centuries of advancement of knowledge in science, mathematics, philosophy, poetry and literature during the historical era when Europe was locked in what historians now refer to as the Dark Ages. The writi ngs of Plato, Aristotle, and other classical thinkers were preserved and expand by Islamic scholars who pull back original contributions in scientific and literary fields. Afghanistan, before red-brick interior(a) boundaries were outlined, was the birthplace or home of numerous scholars of renown such(prenominal) as Avicenna and Al-Biruni, as well as the poet, Rumi, whose works are revered even today.This information is offered as a prelude to provide a better understanding of the pride of Afghanistan in its developmental and cultural roots, and the determination to restore or reconstruct the pedagogicsal legacy and intellectual vitality of its people. The study presented in this utterance explores the responses to present day crises and chaos in a war-ravaged hoidenish as it faces the challenges to create a advanced issue formation of education that some(prenominal) respects the past and wants to be respected in the globose society. Afghanistan now attempts to overcom e the overwhelming gap between what is left aft(prenominal) massive goal and what needs to be d ane to catch up with the rest of the neo world.Before the Modern EraTraditional education and apprenticeships for Afghan children and youth in previous centuries was centered on the home and the mosque. When and where madrassas (religious give instructions) became available, they were in any case admission chargeible to boys. Signs of modern education did not appear in Afghanistan until the wee 1900s, around 1903, under the reign of Amir Habibullah who founded the premiere secondhand school, Habibia tributary school. This school was modeled subsequently the Indian racy school computer program which itself was adopted from the British who copied it from the French. Habibullah took steps to increase literacy through increases in mark media, newspapers, journals, and the nominate of libraries. Some students from Habibia were sent abroad for study, especially to British India. Habibia amply school gained a reputation over the years for its role in providing a large issue of leaders for the nation. However, the pace of educational change and modernization was slow.Steps Toward ModernizationA method for principle literacy was developed in 1906 including new textbooks and a teachers guide. This led to the creation of the Office of Textbooks in 1907 in order to provide uniform school textbooks for the increasing number of schools.It became clear that a standard curriculum, with new textbooks, required trained teachers knowing in the text material at that placefore, the first teacher training institute, Dar-al-Malimin, was established in Kabul in 1912. In the following year a Department of Education was established to attend to the issues of promoting primary education. Amir Habibullah positive his son as department inquiry. Education, free school supplies, and a lilliputian stipend were available to the male students takeed to attend. In 1912, the first normal school was established in Kabul to train teachers for primary schools (Ministry of Education, 1968, p. 6).In 1919, Shah Amanullah became the principle by succession, and actively support the movement toward widespread national education. He elevated the Department of Education to the Ministry of Education and appointed his son, Prince Abdur Rahman, as the countrys first minister of religion of Education.Mahmud Tarzi, a reformist educated statesman and the father-in-law of Shah Amanullah, held an influential position in the Amani (Amanullah) giving medication pushing especially for education reform and for the mandate of women. Tarzis daughter, Queen Soraya, in 1921 with her mother, Rasmiya, founded the first high school for girls, Masturat. Rasmiya was appointed as the first principal. Between 1921 1928, more than than 800 females were enrolled. In 1928, the first co-education classes were introduced at Amaniyya Lycee for grades one and two.Under Tarzis leadership other primary schools were established in major towns, villages, and cities. In addition to schools in each province on that point were also schools for the countrys nomads, the Kuchis. Several new high schools (Lycee) were founded between 1922 and 1930, some teaching foreign languages such as German or English as an attempt to provide an education comparable to that of Europe and other move on nations. Two vocational schools were opened in 1924, one for business and organisation and other for fine and applied arts. The goal was to have a national system of schools with a modern curriculum. The beginning of a network of government-run intermediate and tributary schools was achieved in 1928 as many as 40,000 students were enrolled.However, since high education was missing in Afghanistan the government began to allow top male students (sons from elite families) to study outside of the country, for example, in India, Germany, France, Egypt, and Turkey. Ten girls were allowed to go to Turkey in 1928 for university study, but this practice was soon aborted requiring the girls to return home as a conservative backlash grew strong.Unfortunately, conservative sectors in society believed that government shoal was unreligious and if children attended those schools, they became infidels. Conservative tralatitious sectors opposed changes in the education system they viewed as western, modern, urban, and against Islam. The opposition included clergy, tribal leaders, some rural ethnic groups, and government opposition groups.The unpopularity of Amanullah became so strong, threatening civil upheaval, that in early 1929 he abdicated and sought refuge in Italy. Taking his place as persistr for only nine months was the militia commander, Habibullah Kalakani, who reversed the educational reforms made under Amanullah. Among the first steps taken by the new Kalakani monarchy were the occluded front of female schools and the disbanding of the Womens Association of Ka bul. The Irshad-e Naswan, the only newspaper published for women, also was banned. The government recalled the female Afghan students from Turkey and required them to put on the veil.The government replaced the language of instruction, Dari, with only Pashtu in an attempt to bolster the states adopt to Pashtunistan, Pakistans Northwestern Frontier Province.Education returned to traditional practices. Social and economic measures, including education policy, aimed at sustaining a traditional agricultural society. The majority of rural communities had no schools and continued the education of their children, in the traditional way, at home and in the mosques.All government schools were shut briefly during this point in clock time in 1929 however, schools were re-opened in late 1929 when Nadir Shah became king after capturing and executing Kalakani. Although he at one time had been Minister of Education, education under Nadir Shah was not a central anteriority. However, one progres sive step was taken in 1931 when women were allowed to take health classes at the Masturat Hospital in Kabul. Nadir Shah did support the establishment of Kabul University in 1931 despite the persistence of the anti-modern conservative resistance. In addition, in 1932, the faculty of medicine was founded.Nadir Shah was assassinated at a high school graduation ceremony in 1933 (Dupree.L.,1973. p. 174). His nineteen year-old son, Prince Zahir, was outright crowned king, but for many years a proxy rule by older male relatives characterized his leadership. Zahir Shah was king for four decades, from 1933 to 1973, during a period that was relatively free of civil unrest. Some favorable trends started to emerge in the late 1940s. Advances were made in education, the economy, and civil society especially in urban areas during much of his reign, although the conservative Islamic anti-modern element remained strong even as the Communist influence became a dominant disruptive factor. In 1964, a Constitution was created enabling greater citizen participation under a Constitutional monarchy.Higher education introduced in the 1940s included embryotic universities in major cities, most notably Kabul University supported by the coupled States, and the Polytechnic University founded by the Soviet Union for vocational/ expert advanced training. Faculties were established in law (1938), science (1942), and letters (1944). In 1947, Kabul University was formally established. Three years later, the departments of theology, agriculture, and economics were founded. Some departments were committed with foreign universities in Germany, France, America, and the Soviet Union University admission gave priority to sons of the thought aristocracy or sons of top bureaucrats (Sadat. 2004).In 1946, a Womens Institute was started in Kabul to provide classes for a few privileged girls and women. A year later, two girls high schools were created and in 1947, a womens faculty of education was es tablished. provided steps were taken when, in 1949, the first group of girls having the equivalent of a high school diploma began to teach in girls schools.By 1950 there were 368 primary, secondary and vocational schools, and one teacher training school with a national total of 95,300 students. The enrollment of children in primary education was 6% of the entire age group, 6 through 12 years, in an estimated tribe of 11 million people. (Samady 2001),In the 1950s efforts to expand education and mitigate its quality were initiated. In 1949, the Afghan government asked UNESCO to send a foreign mission to study its educational system. In 1954, USAID and Columbia University Teachers College focused efforts on the qualitative improvement of teacher education in Afghanistan. In 1955, the Institute of Education was created and later combined into Kabul University.According to Wilbur (1962), in 1960 there were 175,600 pupils in 1,110 primary schools of whom 19,000 were girls. Among the 11,300 students enrolled in grades seven to nine, 2,500 (22%) were girls. Approximately 193,000 Afghan students were enrolled in schools in Afghanistan and abroad, a figure double that of a decade earlier in 1950. Nepotism, favoritism, and corruption were common complaints regarding the awarding of foreign scholarships (Wilbur, 1962, pp. 85-87).Soviet Assistance and hitchBy the early 1970s, about 90% of the Afghan armed forces were universe trained by the Soviets. Thousands were trained in the Soviet Union as well as more thousands in Afghanistan. Russia also sent arms and military experts to Afghanistan. Afghan university polishs received fellowships for advanced study in the USSR and capital of Poland Pact nations. From this aid and experience a growing elite of Afghans emerged with modern ideas as well as amicable and political sympathies in accord with Communism. Slowly but surely the Sovietization of Afghanistan was occurring. establish Minister Daoud enthusiastically b ack up Soviet engagement in Afghanistan, earning himself the nickname the Red Prince.At the time of Prime Minister Daouds reign in the 1970s, three boarding high schools were introduced in Kabul Ibn Sina (later becoming Lycee), Khushal caravanserai Khattak Lycee, and Rahman Baba Lycee. Ibn Sina served as a teachers training institution equipping male rural students to return to their villages to become teachers. Khushal Khan Khattak Lycee and Rahman Baba Lycee enrolled students from the tribal areas as part of the attempt to integrate various tribes into the government.In the late 1970s Afghanistan had a functioning education system comprising over a million students including 20% girls in primary, secondary and higher education. Government expenditures on education came to constitute 40% of the national budget.In 1977, the education infrastructure could not support the educational demands. By 1978, there were more than one million students in primary and secondary schools and othe r educational institutions in Afghanistan. Of there, there were 152,750 girls (about 14%) and 5,070 female teachers in primary schools. In an attempt to reduce pressure on both the education system and the labor market, the government instituted the, Kankurexam (from the French word concours), the university access test at the end of the 12th grade. The main purpose of the Kankur was to select potentially successful university students from the rest of the student population. This test became a polemic but established screening mechanism for reducing pressure on the overstrained university system. (Other spellings will be found for this exam including Concord, Konkor.)In 1978, the constitutional monarchy was abolished by a palace coup dtat declaring former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud as the countrys professorship of the first republican government. The Soviets immediately accepted the new government. Not only was the new constitution of the government styled after that of the Soviet Union but also changes in academia began to gibe the Soviet approach to education including introducing co-education, especially at the university level, but also in the lower schools.However, in April 1978, president Muhammad Daoud was overthrown in what is referred to as the Saur Revolution. Nur Muhammad Taraki, head of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) replaced Daoud as President. Taraki instituted even broader Marxist style reforms including a rural literacy campaign expanding educational opportunity to crowd together of uneducated farmers and women. He was not intimidated by the internal conflict between groups accompaniment traditional systems against the modernization movement. Taraki continued to offend those determined to maintain traditional customs. He pushed forward drastic social and economic measures, including land reform, womens rights and modern education. These ideological conflicts led within the year (in 1979) to his loss of index fin ger.Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin ousted him as president. Amin took firm steps to quell any opposition such as imprisoning and executing individuals and groups who were viewed as unsupportive. He did not hesitate to go after his own party members such as former President Taraki or his sympathizers. Opposition, however, and dissatisfaction were broiling up throughout the nation making the Soviets restless about the stability of the rapidly changing government.In December 1979 Soviet tanks rolled into Afghanistan. In 1980, President Amin was removed and Babrak Karmal, former 1960s parliamentarian, became the countrys poop president.The educational system, over several decades, became increasingly influenced and funded by the USSR. After the Soviet invasion of 1979 this trend increased dramatically. Literacy courses and programs educating about health and technology were expanded throughout the country. Part of the reforms included the creation of a pedagogical explore center. In 1981, the Central Institute for the Retraining of Teachers was established. In 1982, the Kabul pedagogic Institute was founded. Further academic exchanges were established with Eastern Bloc countries. American and Western exchanges stopped.Amins presidency lasted six years. In 1986, Dr. Muhammad Najibullah, former head of the Afghan intelligence agency (the secret police), became the countrys fifth president. President Najibullah, a graduate of the school of medicine at Kabul University realizing the need for more higher education throughout the country, opened three new universities Balkh (1986), Herat (1988), and Kandahar (1991). However, Najibullah, seen to be relentless and ruthless, alienated many Afghan groups including his own army, but in particular the Islamic conservative groups that became united as the party of the Taliban. Najibullah was forced out of office in 1992, taking refuge for four years in the UN compound. His own brutal execution at the hands of the Taliban in 1996 precipitated the genteel War that eventually led to the empowerment of the Taliban.Impact of Soviet Defeat, the civil War and the Demise of Modern EducationBefore the civil war in the 1990s, the Afghan higher education system was largely full and thriving. UNESCO estimated university enrollment in 1990 at more than 24,000, with women making up one third of the student body. Much of the destruction of Kabul in 1992-1994 was in the area around Kabul University classes were seriously disrupted as well-nigh all faculties fled Kabul or were killed. During Taliban rule (1995-2001), the provision of higher education was boundto men only, mainly at what remained of Kabul University, and concentrated on Islamic studies.In April 1992 the Afghan government transferred power to the Islamic Jihad Council (IJC) which was designated by the Peshawar Accords. Within days the various factions collided and Kabul was engulfed in civil state of war cascading throughout the country. To mak e matters worse, schools and universities, specifically Kabul University, became the stages for warfare and pillage.This had an immense intrusion on education. With no uniform curriculum, religious education was given priority over all other subjects. Equal education opportunities of boys and girls were ignored tour religious schools for boys were encouraged. Due to engagement and the security situation the universities and schools were frequently closed. at that place was damage to buildings and insecurity, which affected school attendance as teachers, administrators, and students became displaced. Even laboratories, furniture, and the electric wiring from inside the walls of its classrooms were stolen.The rival factions targeted the libraries and thousands of volumes were either looted or fire rare titles were smuggled and sold off for high prices in the antiquarian book markets outside the country. In an article entitled Raping the Libraries of Kabul expatiate of how the va rious factions burnt or sold millions of hand written books on religion, history, poetry, and autobiographies of great scholars. From that million-volume collection only 20,000 books survived. (Hussain, 1998).By 1995, the Taliban defeated other fighting groups in the Civil War, and took over the government with pledges of peace and order. However, they introduced strict social policies based on their interpretation of proper practices in Islam. The Taliban completely closed down most government schools, especially those for girls. Only religious studies in religious schools (madrassas) were allowed for boys. Still, many Afghans educated their children, including their girls, illegally and secretly at home using pieces of the modern, already discarded, curriculum.In 1999 the enrolment in primary education was 811,500 with only 7% girls. The enrolments in secondary and higher education were limited and the universities were often closed and did not function effectively. Thousands of t eachers and education administrators became victims of war, underwent intellectual apartheid, or left Afghanistan during the Soviet occupation, the Civil War, and especially after the Taliban came to power.The 9/11 Call to ActionThe Chase for bin Laden, Defeat of the Taliban, and Western businessThen on 9/11/01 Osama bin Laden and his pursual known as Al Qaeda planned and carried out a major attack on the United States. Bin Laden was a member of the Saudi ruling family. He had become radicalized against the West, particularly against the United State. He and his armed men used remote areas in Afghanistan (and Pakistan) for hide-away bases. The destruction of 9/11 resulted from carefully planned attacks using commercial airlines as suicide bombers, destroying both of the Twin Towers in New York City as well as a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. A third part of the plan involved the use of another airliner for a third target in the Capitol, probably the White House, but the plane crashed as a result of passenger intervention. These attacks resulted in the deaths of more than 5,000 Americans in one brief morning.By October, 2001 the government of the United States retaliated, seeking revenge on bin Laden. Other sympathetic nations joined to make an allied force that stormed Afghanistan, taking the country from Taliban control. After the defeat of the Taliban in 2001 many Afghans who had fled as refugees during the years of conflict, returned to Afghanistan to help rebuild their country.As the school year started in March 2002, the capacity to supply education had been decimated in both quantity and quality. The situation of the country was exposit in this way by a joint report of international organizationsThe Afghan education system has been undermined by 23 years of war, by widespread fleshly destruction, by restructuring under a communist regime, and by its use as a political and religious pawn by succeeding governments. The concep t of secular education has been under constant attack for decades-first as a source of foreign ideas that led to the communist takeover and then by the Taliban who banned education for girls entirely, and promoted and expanded the system of religious schools at the outlay of secular schools (AIA, 2002).The results of the US response, with international support especially from western governments, led to the defeat and withdrawal of the Taliban and the institution of a new western supported (and many believe controlled) interim government. A national Shura (representative convention) was held, a new Constitution for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was written, elections were scheduled, and commitments made for a decade of international funding and support in reconstruct the nation as a democratic, modern, technologically equipped participant in the global community.The challenges were overwhelming including rebuilding the entire governmental infrastructure, rebuilding roadways and creating new lines of transportation and communication, restoring and upgrading electric power as well as water and sanitation systems, rebuilding or removing destroyed structures, establishing a banking system, and modernizing commerce including all types of products imported for human excerption and comfort.The biggest challenge was that of re-building the totally destroyed education system from the bottom up and from the top down. The education system reformed by the Soviets to include the masses had never been fully operational. Educational opportunity was left largely to those who had access to urban areas where even girls were allowed to attend schools at the university in Kabul where co-educational classes had been the Soviet policy. However, by the end of the Civil War and certainly by the end of the Taliban rule, the universities had been destroyed and were barely functional when offering classes at all. As described earlier, faculty had fled or were dead, buildings we re gutted and marauded. Campuses were denuded either by soldiers trying to carry off hiding places for opposition forces, or by civilians seeking firewood. Furniture was stolen and bewildered up to use for home heating equipment was looted even the electrical wiring was stripped from buildings still standing and taken for sale in the black market. Libraries and laboratories were ghostly artifacts attesting to the destruction of symbols of learning.As the attempt to re-open universities began in 2002, the string up of citizens from the country began to reverse with many Afghans returning from refugee camps in Pakistan and Iran or from other countries in which they were exiled including the United States, Canada, Iran, Great Britain, Germany and other countries. Some of these returning were able to take positions of leadership in the new government headed by President Karzai in a democratic election, and some were capable of restoring the universities and the schools. Stories from students who began to study again at Kabul University tell of walking across human cram on the tall grasses of the university campus that had earlier been a site of warring groups.The close chapter, relating the efforts to rebuild a nation, provides the heart of the dissertation describing the responses to the enormous challenges to the recruitment, preparation, education, deployment of teachers in post-conflict education in Afghanistan. The specific initiatives, policies, programs and problems in building a national army corps of professional teachers for Afghanistan in the face of enormous limitations of human capacity, financial resources, cultural and social value differences, are expanded upon in the following dissertation chapters.ReferencesAIA Afghanistan Interim Administration. (2002). Comprehensive Needs Assessment for the Education Sector in Afghanistan. Kabul Afghanistan Interim Administration.Amin, Sakai. (2012). Modern Afghanistan A History of Struggle and Survival. capital of the United fairydom I.B. Taurus.Baize, Y. (2013). Education in Afghanistan developments, Influences and Legacies since 1901. Florence, Kentucky Routledge/Taylor and Francis.Dupree, L. (1973). Afghanistan. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.Hussain, I. (1998). Raping the Libraries of Kabul. Diplomat Magazine.Vol. 8. 6.Ministry of Education. (1968). Education in Afghanistan during the Last l Years I. Primary, Secondary. Kabul MoE Planning Dept.Poullada, L. (1973). Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919-1929 King Amanullahs Failure to Modernize a Tribal decree. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press.Rashid, A. (2008). Descent into chaos. New York Viking.Rotberg, R. I. (ed.). (2007). build a new Afghanistan. Washington, DC The Brookings Institution Press, The World Peach Foundation.Rubin, RB. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan State Formation and Collapse in the International System. New harbor Yale University Press.Sadat, M. H. (2004). History of educat ion in Afghanistan. Retrieved from http//reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/history-education-afghanistanSamady, S. R. (2001). Education and Afghan Society in the 20th Century. UNESCO.Samady, S. R. (2013). Changing profile of education in Afghanistan.Sarvi, J. (2003). A New Start. Manila, Philippines Asia Development Bank.Tomsen, P. (2011). The wars of Afghanistan Messianic terrorism, tribal conflicts, and the failures of great powers. Public affairs Perseus Books Group.Wilbur, D., (1962). Afghanistan. New Haven Yale University Press

Market overview for elevator products and services

market place overview for rise products and function integrality globular demand for aerodynamic lift / moving staircase products and helpers is intercommunicate to increase 5.6% per social class by 2009 to to a greater extent than $20 billion. Fueling gains depart be economical recovery and expansion in the mature markets of the developed world, coup take with on qualifying industrialisation among the slight mod countries of Asia.The world elevator market rose at a comparatively healthy pace throughout close of the 1990s in a generally sanguine orbicu lately macroeconomic climate. Basically strong economic growth in maturation countries was briefly interrupted in 1997-1998 by a financial crisis engulfing many East Asian and Latin the Statesns nations, as well as Russia. Fallout mould the crisis handled to adversely preserve the elevator market into 1999 and 2000, as trends in the elevator market bleed to lag developments in the macro economy by a a couple of( prenominal) old age. Subsequently, as the emerging market began to recover, growth in horse opera Eur0pe and unification the States was depressed in the wake of the global economic slowness precipitated in the US, although by 2004 a recovery was app bent in most markets.In the developed world, gains go out reflect an expected recovery in ability winding, as va fagcy rates come down in study global financial centers such as Tokyo and London. oer the long term, development of the residential sector, curiously in the largely untapped US market where single-family homes predominate, pull up stakesing in addition create opport grammatical construction blockies, supported by again communitys and regulations such as the the Statesns with Disabilities Act. In Europe, adoption of new EU-wide golosh regulations for quick lifts ordain bolster the modernization/upgrade run incision.The smart growth is anticipated in the worlds growth regions Asia, Latin America, easterly Europe, Africa and the midriff East. In developing countries, market expansion bequeath reflect increase urbanization, as virtually all structures in large third-world cities require elevators. Aftermarket go atomic number 18 to a fault not well established, even in more developed countries such as South Korea and hence offer a sizable likely market which major global suppliers such as genus Otis be actively working to develop.China, which has already emerged as the largest global elevator market in unit terms, will continue to lumber explosive gains, with the genesis of a lucrative service aftermarket bolstering the robust OEM business. almost half of the increase in passenger and freight elevator unit gross revenue will be attributable to China, where per capita elevator use stay less than 10% of that typical of occidental Europe. prorogue III 1 ground raise MARKET BY sphere(billion dollars)Item19941999200420092014 origination Urban Population (mil persons)251628113 11934433790Bldg. Construct Expend (bil 2000$)29003324425452706661$ elevator/urban capita1011121517$ elevators/000$ construct8.69.09.19.69.9 institution ski tow market24.930.038.550.566.2 nitrogen America 4.05.05.87.48.9United States3.64.55.16.57.8Canada Mexico0.50.50.70.81.1Western Europe 11.713.816.119.323.0Asia/ peaceful 6.58.012.418.427.0China0.91.23.56.912.3Japan4.55.36.47.99.5India0.40.61.21.72.5 some early(a) Asia/ peaceful0.70.91.31.92.7Other Regions 2.73.24.25.57.4Latin America1.01.11.41.92.5Eastern Europe1.21.41.82.33.0Africa/Midest0.50.71.01.31.9Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.CHART III 1 man ELEVATOR MARKET BY REGION, 2009($50.5 billion)Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.3.1.1 Regional Profile granted the modernized economies, well-developed industrial and commercial sectors, prosperous consumer populations and highly evolved building/nonbuilding construction infrastructures in place throughout the developed world, most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development) countries fight large markets for elevator/ escalator clause clause products and services relative to population and size of the economy. These include the US, Western Europe, Japan (the largest global market in valuate terms, reflecting the countrys aged, urban population and stringent safety standards) and Australia and sensitive Zealand. The nations of Eastern Europe, specially Russia and authentic of the some other more modifyd states of the former Soviet Union, also comprise markets of nearly significance, but they pitch to be much littler in both absolute and relative terms than those of the major Western countries.However, the fastest growing markets for elevator products and services are typically assemble within the developing regions, especially Asia and to a lesser extent Latin America and Africa/Mideast as well. As numerous countries within these regions work to industrialize their economies, they are facing rising infrastructure expansion and modernization requirements, which has led to extensive building construction activity.Another trace aspect of the industrialization process in most countries is increasing urbanization, as individuals and households migrate from artless areas to cities to discovericipate in the growing economic opportunities available in that respect. Such kinetics are positively cor colligate to the development of markets for construction- link products like elevator sy groundworks moreover, as the number of system of ruless salt awayed increases, markets for related maintenance/ pertain and eventually modernization, services tend to emerge as a matter of course.3.1.2 Multinational Parameters Trade Flows ilk most industries, the elevator business has become more and more international in scope in recent decades. The physical nature of elevator / escalator system largely, bulky, involving numerous comp angiotensin converting enzyment parts, etc., renders them not easily transportable. In ad dition, elevator manufacturers often prefer to realize topical anaesthetic manufacturing capacity, which allows them to better satisfy local requirements (e.g., regulations and standards) and cultivate lucrative aftermarket service relationships. As such, foreign trade per se is not as extensive in the industry as in most durable goods manufacturing businesses. Foreign trade is some what more predominant in the subment parts and components segments of the business.However, multinational giftment on part of the leading producers (and even a few of the mid-sized and smaller ones) is extremely usual. This takes the form of direct ownership of overseas based subsidiaries, manufacturing facilities and other assets and after sales servicing and technical support networks. Moreover, in recent years on that point has been an effort on the part of major producers such as OTIS and KONE to consolidate their global operations and shift production capacity to glare cost venues in the de veloping world, which has increased the importance of cross-border trade.As the global elevator industry continues to restructure and consolidate, the home base of operations of the major players is becoming increasingly less relevant to the competitive kinetics of the business, with a handful of multinational companies dominating the business in most geographical areas especially with respect to product manufacturing. The service segment expects comfortably most fragmented, but it too is consolidating rapidly. As global companies manufacturer and install their systems in given countries, they have a direct incentive to invest in after sales servicing networks in these countries as well, which is also prompting consolidation in the service segment of the business. Such dynamics are expected to become more preferably than less marked going forward, as the economics of the business favor large companies with a multinational reach.3.2 Demand by Product serve well ski lifts, es calators and related products are used to physically move individuals, freight and sometimes other items from one place to another within a building, facility or some other excogitationated place. The movement occurs either vertically (in the case of elevating and lifting equipment), at an persist (escalators) or horizontally (moving walkways). Elevators and escalators are thus integral components of many types of structures, especially those with multiple floors or levels and/or involving an extensive amount of physical space.Aggregate world demand for elevator products and services is projected to increase 5.6% per year through 2009 to more than $50 billion, an improvement from the 1994-2004 pace. Fueling gains will be an upswing in new system installations, accompanying expected recovery in nonresidential building activity in Japan, Western Europe and the Americas. This will help to offset some slowing in residential building construction, which is an important indicator of ele vator demand outside of newton America . Preventing faster gains especially on the products die is the high degree of maturity of the elevator / escalator market in the developed world, which has prompted leading vendors to scratch high growth markets in the Pacific Rim and other developing areas which hold the greatest potential for incremental increases in new installations going forward.Also fueling growth will be technological innovations in letter generation system including microprocessor based controls and sensors, remote observe, automated murder and generate further demand, at both the new installation and modernization/upgrade ends of the business. In addition, retrofits to comply with changing building codes and federal mandates will rejuvenate the upgrade/modernization services market, especially in North America and Western Europe. prorogue III 2 earth ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT receipts MARKET(billion dollars)Item19941999200420092014Bldg Construct Expend (bil 2000$)29 003324425452706661$ elevators/000$ construction8.69.09.19.610.0 humanity Elevator food market24.930.038.550.666.3Equipment 8.810.915.021.229.5Passenger Freight6.27.510.214.119.0Escalators Moving Walkways0.81.01.62.64.0Parts Other1.82.43.24.66.6Services 16.119.123.529.336.8Installation2.63.24.15.57.3 modernization even out13.416.019.423.829.5Source The Freedonia Group, IncCHART III-2WORLD ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT SERVICE MARKET, 1994-2014(billion dollars)Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.3.2.1 EquipmentWorld demand for elevator and escalator products totaled $15 billion in 2004 billion in 2004, bill for approximately 40% of the total elevator/escalator market. For present purposes, elevator products are defined to include passenger and freight elevators and associated products.Demand is projected to post a 7.1% per annum increase through 2009 to $21.2 billion. Growth will stem from up(p) cyclical dynamics, in particular a revival in nonresidential construction expenditure especi ally in the key office/commercial/lodging and industrial building sectors. Gains will be vanquish for machine room less (MRL) elevators, which will benefit from expansion of the global retail and (especially) transportation sectors.3.2.2 Passenger Freight ElevatorsGlobal demand for passenger and freight elevators is projected to rise 5.7% per annum through 2009 to almost 4,40,000 units, of which over 60% will be the newer machine room less (MRL) type. Along with improving cyclical dynamics and continued secular growth in the developing world, gains will be fueled by increased penetration of less traditional market segments, such as single-family residences. The last mentioned is a key consideration in North America, where single family housing is more prevalent than in Europe and Asia. Even in the latter regions, however, again of the population will create opportunities in the residential segment, as elevators are increasingly designed into low-rise buildings which would previou sly have relied exclusively on staircases. As a result, the installed base will expand from 7.4 trillion units in 2004 to 9.2 million in 2009.In value terms, demand for passenger and freight elevators will grow 6.6% per year to $14 billion in 2009. While thick global competition and greater reliance on low trace units will hold down cost increases, higher fuel and zilch costs and the expanding technical complexity of latter generation elevator system, which can be priced at a premium relative to earlier designs, will contribute to price inflation.Passenger and freight elevators, as the name implies, are general purpose lifting systems designed to vertically transport individuals and commodities between dissimilar floors or levels within a single building or facility. From a technological standpoint, essentially all modern passenger and freight elevators are either the hydraulic (powered by pressurized liquid) or traction (electric powered) type the latter can be either geared o r gearless. Hydraulic came into blow during the 1950sm surpassing the geared market which was prominent prior to that time and remain the dominant type in the US. Traditional traction elevators remain in broader use in Europe and Asia, although in Europe they have been astray supplanted by MRLs since the mid 1990s.The newer MRL elevator types incorporate the gears and control into the elevator shaft, rather than a separate machine room, and hence provide greater design flexibility, as well as energy and (in some cases) cost savings. MRLs have made significant inroads in Western Europe and will continue to penetrate North America, Asia and other regions. Moreover, while initially suited moreover for buildings upto 7 stories, MRLs have not been adapted for use upto about 25 stories, substantially broadening the potential market.TABLE III 3WORLD PASSENGER FREIGHT ELEVATOR MARKET(million dollars)Item19941999200420092014World Elevator Market24893ccc15385365055066300% Passenger Frei ght24.825.126.527.828.6Passenger/Freight Elevator Market61757532102201405018950North America 665977116017002100United States585873100014801800Canada Mexico80104160220300Western Europe21552645312539404850Asia/Pacific 25752975466066509525China425550160028004700Japan16501800200023252700India220305470745950Other Asia/Pacific 2803205907801175Other Regions 780935127517602475Latin America305360450615840Eastern Europe265275425595825Africa/Midest210300four hundred550810000$/Unit31.833.030.832.033.0P/F Elevator Market (000 Units)194228332439575Machine agency194203232164100Machine Room Less25100275475% New3.83.84.54.84.9P/F Elev. Installed Base (000 Units)512060357355922011700Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.Elevator related service revenues are generated when new systems are installed and then subsequently as installed systems are repaired and maintained over their useful lives. Major renovations or upgrades on be systems are oftern undertaken as well for present purposes this type of acti vity is categorize under repair/modernization. Not surprisingly given their much bigger installed base, elevating/lifting systems account for a substantially higher share of the total service market than escalators and moving walkways, in both the new installation and repair/modernization segments.TABLE III 4WORLD ELEVATOR SERVICE MARKET BY TYPE(billion dollars)Item19941999200420092014World Elevator Market2489330015385365055066300% Services64.663.761.058.055.5Elevator Service Market16.119.123.529.336.8Installation2.63.24.15.57.3Repair modernisation13.416.019.423.829.5Repair Maintenance11.613.515.818.321.0Modernization/Upgrade1.82.53.65.58.5Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.3.2.3 InstallationWorld revenues generated from the installation of new elevator/escalators systems are projected to increase 6.1% per year through 2009 to $5.5 billion. Installation revenues will grow somewhat more easy than will new elevator and escalator equipment demand. This reflects the fact that elevato r/escalator vendors have been working aggressively in recent years to demoralise the installation costs of their system, in orde3r to increase new business volume.TABLE III 5WORLD ELEVATOR INSTALLATION REVENUES BY REGION(million dollars)Item19941999200420092014World Elevator Service Market1607919118234912930036800% Installations16.516.517.418.819.7Installation Revenues26503153408755007245North America 372484530735880United States338440464650765Canada Mexico34446685 one hundred fifteenWestern Europe9631162135016702020Asia/Pacific 10931236183125703600China14418856310251725Japan7528048729901120India87126168255345Other Asia/Pacific 110128228300410Other Regions 222271376525745Latin America8197123170235Eastern Europe8086134190265Africa/Midest6188119165245Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.3.2.4 Repair ModernizationRevenues derived from the provision of repair, maintenance and upgrade/modernization services on existing elevator/escalator system are projected to increase 4.2% per annum th rough 2009 to $23.8 billion, which compares favorably to longer term historical norms.Repair and maintenance revenues will expand just 3.0% per annum to $18.3 billion in 2009, trailing all other product and service segments. In much of the developing world, maintenance spending is perceived as an unaffordable luxury building owners and managers tend to wait for an elevator to fail before they will invest in maintenance/repair. However, there is evidence that this is beginning to change as major Western and Nipponese elevator companies work to educate their equipment customers about the importance of routine servicing. Service requirements tend to be highest in Japan, where for cultural reasons elevator failures are considered to be unacceptable.As in case of elevator and escalator systems themselves, the provision of related repair/maintenance services has benefited significantly in recent years from the application of a advanced technology. What has become especially prominent of late are computer based monitoring tools that can detect system faults (or even potential faults) and alert service technicians immediately. Repair/maintenance services can be performed on a contract basis, or on an as needed service call basis for building owners and other operators that do not maintain contracts.In addition, there is considerable potential for business activity on the modernization upgrade side of this market, in terms of retrofitting existing systems to be compatible with new building codes, the Americans with handicap Act (in the US), the safety Norm for Existing Lifts 9SNEL-in Western Europe) and other mandates. A number of the leading elevator vendors have in recent years launched modernization packages designed specifically to comply with the requirements of these mandates. Examples include Schindlers SCHINDLER 6200 and KONEs MAXISPACE. The latter allows users to replace a 4 passenger car with a 6 or even 8 passenger lift.More generally, numerous building ow ners will want to upgrade existing elevator/escalator systems to incorporate the up-to-the-minute technological advances along such parameters as improved safety and compound performance and energy efficiency characteristics, and this will provide further whim to the repair/modernization service market overall. Modernization revenues are aim to rise 8.8% annually through 2009 to $5.5 billion, making this the fastest growing segment of the elevator business. Modernization projects can range from replacing controls and interior fittings, to lay new doors or other structural components, to incorporating advanced electronics based sensors and monitoring tools, to complete renovations of entire elevator cabs or replacement of escalator stairs.TABLE III 6WORLD ELEVATOR REPAIR MODERNIZATION REVENUES BY REGION(million dollars)Item19941999200420092014World Elevator Service Market1607919118234912930036800% Repair Modernization83.583.582.681.280.0Repair Modernization134291596519404238 0029450North America 25182981352941905025United States22172646314537354485Canada Mexico301335384455540Western Europe77318918103551211514240Asia/Pacific 18482492360951107165China551102706451350Japan15161957266434304275India4295210410745Other Asia/Pacific 235330465625795Other Regions 13321574191123853020Latin America4725546888651095Eastern Europe74285298311801445Africa/Midest118168240340480Source The Freedonia Group, Inc.3.3 Demand by MarketElevator related products and services are utilized in a broad straddle of buildings and facilities featuring multiple floors or levels, as well as in certain single-floor and even non-building type settings. Large, well-trafficked facilities with multiple levels office buildings, institutions such as hospitals and schools, section stores and other retail establishments, hotels and motels, factories and warehouses, etc., tend to be the most intensive users of elevator products and services.

History of the Latin Kings

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Understanding The Political Party System Of Nigeria Politics Essay

Understanding The Political Party System Of Nigeria regime EssayPolitical parties are important in any slip democracy. They gather throng with similar interests, set policy-making agendas, all toldow for choosing unsanded candidates for offices, and provide for coordinated electoral and legislative activity. Democratic development requires efficacious and functioning parties. Since the start of the third wave of democratization in 1974, mixed multi fellowship governing bodys have been introduced in new, restored and emerging democracies around the world (Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies supporting(a) Inclusive Politics and Democratic Development). The multi society system has positive(p) and negative aspects. The positive aspects includes redistributing of riches to the poor, increasing communications between groups, solving problems between parties, and self-aggrandising power to weaker groups. However its negative aspects damage the processes of democracy b y pr correctting minorities from acquire power and empowering dominant parties. The multi fellowship system is evident in Nigeria.Nigeria is a province on the west coast of Africa. It is one of the most populous countries in the world. Its terrain varies from hot tropical forests to dry deserts. there are umteen cultural groups living in different regions in Nigeria (Nigeria). The get together Kingdom gained inhibit of Nigeria in the late 1800s and the early 1900s. Nigeria was a British colony until 1960, when it gained freedom. at once after independence, Nigerias semi semipolitical party system was chaotic (Nigeria Place). Nigerias social groups, Nigerias regions, and Nigerias spectral groups affected the political party system, creating a weak and unavailing system.Nigerias pagan GroupsThe different ethnic groups in Nigeria were associated with different political parties which promoted political fragmentation. Arthur Nwankwo refers to Okwudiba Nnoli, an motive who writes about the conflicts in Nigeria, about the impact of Nigerians different ethnic groups on Nigerian political party systemThere is no democracy in the world today, which does not strive for the attainment of full democracy, the temporal and spiritual empowerment of her spate. However, as striving differs in the conscious identification of these ideals, numerous a(prenominal) nations are still caught in the tragic dance of lying and deceit. Such nations, Nigeria being a ready example, risk the danger of come in violence and the pains of collective immolation. We cannot allow this country to suffer that miscellany of fate of which many reads are unworthy examples, which litter the pages of human courteousization. To many well-meaning observers and commentators, the democratization process in Nigeria has at trump out been quaggy and at worst non-existent. The contradictions of our colonial past and our inability to evolve a workable political system stem from the opp ortunism and lack of quite a little of most of the post-colonial elite. Okwudiba Nnoli opines that ethnicity, more than any different factor is at the spreadeagle cause of this. gibe to him, politics, during the era of the topicist struggle for independence from colonialism, was reign by the conflict arising from the assertion of interests other than national interest. In their inter- year struggles, the hegemonic regional factions of these privileged classes paid lip services to the desirability of national unity, and condemned ethnic particularism. For all intents and purposes these declarations were not taken seriously and were never intended to be. The homogeneous people who inveighed against ethnicity and ethnic identify simultaneously institutionalized them by making them a basis for economic participation within their regional enclaves and to a lesser extent for political participation at both the regional and national level (Okwudiba Nnoli 978 153-154). (Political pa rties in Nigeria).In short, Nwankwo argues that ethnicity is the main reason why Nigerias democratization process or Nigerias political party is in chaos. It is because the Nigerian people fail to realize the larger picture.To show that the Nigerian people fail to see the whole picture, Nwankwo also mentionsThe conflict arising from the assertion of interests other than national interest is the uncomfortable fact but reality all the same, that the concept of the nation as a Nigeria geographical entity and identity is a novel concept yet to take firm root in the consciousness and psyche of the average Nigerian person and institutions. Put differently, it is my affect that the notion of the Nigerian nation and therefore National Interest as a concrete reality of the same meaning and importance in our country is yet to be fully realized (Political parties in Nigeria). cultural loyalty dominated political parties in Nigeria. Unlike many African nations, Nigeria never was under the cont rol of a single political party system. According to dictionary.com, a single political party system is a dominant-party system where only one political party can realistically become the government. Governments have tried to force Nigerians to express their will with cross-ethnic parties or diverse parties with multiple groups in one coalition (Kesselman, Krieger, and Joseph 261-268). However, because ethnicity drives untold of the political organizing in the country, political leadinghiphip have succeeded in undermining the end of truly national parties through their appeals to ethnic identity. A cross-ethnic party is in that situation nothing more than a coalition of ethnic interests. The NPC (Nigerian peoples Congress) stand for conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa interests. The NCNC (National Convention of Nigerian Citizens) was the Igbos party, and the AG (Action Group) was a party that was controlled by the Yoruba (Comparative Comparing Political Parties).According to Nwankwo, Nigerians political parties are made up of connections whose political persuasions are opposed and this also explains the high level of party indiscipline and collapse of the parties. Because of their artificiality, all the parties are experiencing cracks or fragmentation. The political class has always remained bereft of viable political ideology on which the nations political future could be anchored. This bankruptcy in ideology and vision has bring through party politics in Nigeria to a bread and butter juicy where monetization of the political process is the bedrock of loyalty and support.In conclusion, ethnicity creates disunity in Nigerians political party system.Nigerias sharesThe different regions in Nigeria affect the political party system by creating political instability. Before Nigerias independence, there were three political parties. Each was divided based on the regions the blue Region, Eastern Region, and western sandwich Region. After many years of Bri tish rule, several positive aspects were show in Nigeria. There was increase urbanization, improved communications, and trade. These aspects made the Nigerians feel United as a nation. As a result, Nigerian loss leaders hold to keep the name Nigeria. They also agreed to create a popular government based on British parliamentary government which overlap national and local government power (Nigerian Independence).After independence, the three regional parties had trouble sharing power and unifying Nigeria. They tried to establish national institutions such as education to try to unify the country. Education dysphoric the importance of national identity and unity. They still had problems (Comparative Comparing Political Parties). According to the authors of Introduction to Comparative Poltics, the Northern Region had the majority of Nigerian people in its territory. They wanted the most delegates. Sir Ahmadu Bello, the most powerful Fulani leader in the north, handpicked his assi stant, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, to be the first prime minister of Nigeria (Kesselman, Krieger, and Joseph 260-265).Following independence Nigerian unity began to disappear. First, a section of the Western Region decided to secede. In 1964, the population in the Northern Regions was larger than the both other regions. Because of this, the Northern Region had many delegates in the national legislature. The north accepted this because it was in their favor. However, the Western and Eastern Regions opposed it. Corruption among the Nigerian government leaders caused problems for regional groups (Nigerian Independence).More problems came up when Prime Minister Balewa and government leaders in the Northern and Western Regions were murdered in a coup staged by several army officers.General Aguyi-lronsi, an Igbo from the Eastern Region, state himself the head of state (Comparative Comparing Political Parties). Ironsis government was short, but many Nigerians blamed the Igbo people for the coup that brought Ironsi to power.In July, Northern Region officers kill General Ironsi (Nigerian Independence). Colonel Yakubu Gowon, a Unioner, became the head of state.Colonel Ojukwu, an eastern military official, was disappointed in the instability of Nigeria. He governed the Eastern Region as a discover nation, expelling all non-easterners. In response to Colonel Ojukwus decision, Gowon infuriated eastern leaders by dividing Nigeria into twelve states without consulting them (nigeria). On May 30, 1967, Ojukwu seceded from Nigeria and declared the Eastern Region the separate country of Biafra, marking the start of the Nigerian Civil struggle (Nigerian Independence).After three years of fighting, Biafra finally announced the end of its detachment on January 12, 1970. The war had a lasting effect on Nigerian feel (Nigerian Independence). First, the blockade of Biafra had kept food from entering the war zone. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Biafran civilians died, m ostly from starvation and disease. Second, Nigeria remained divided into twelve states, leaving the Igbo set-apart politically (nigeria). Finally, the civil war increased the power and prestige of the military. Nigeria increased the size of its military from 10,000 in 1967 before the war, to 250,000 at its height.After the civil war, Nigeria tried to reconstruct the nation, yet political instability continued. For example, Nigerian leaders restructured the political map several times. In 1976 Nigerian military leader General Murtala Ramat Mohammed divided the country into nineteen states. Mohammed also moved the detonator of Nigeria from the former colonial capital of Lagos to a new location, called Abuja, in his northern region. In 1991, the political map was again divided, this time into thirty-one states (Nigerian Independence).In conclusion, the different regions created political instability for about thirty following independence that affected the different regional party le aders.Nigerias Religious GroupsThe different religious groups affect the political party system by allowing for destructive behavior. piety has been a persistent conflict in Nigeria for a long time. The devil dominant religions are Islam and Christianity.Islam came from northeast Nigeria somewhere between the eleventh and twelfth part centuries. It spread to the Hausa territory by the fifteenth century and greatly expand in the early ordinal century. In the north Islam started with coexisting with the different indigenous religions. However, it gradually converted most of them into Islam.Christianity arrived in the early nineteenth century, but expanded rapidly through missionary work in southern Nigeria. The amalgamation of northern and southern Nigeria in 1914 brought together the two religions and their belief systems. These religious cultures have consistently clashed over political issues such as the secular character of the state. The application of the sharia criminal l egislation in the northern states has been a focal point for these tensions. For many Muslims, the sharia code represents a tradition or a way of life and supreme personal law that transcends secular and state law for many Christians, the expansion of sharia law threatens the secular nature of the Nigerian state and their position within it. The pull of religious versus national identity becomes even stronger during economic crisis. For example, during the Babangida period, there was a rise in both Islamic fundamentalist movements and evangelical Christian fundamentalism that has continued through the present. Where significant poesy of southern Christians are living in predominantly Muslim states (for example Kaduna State), many clashes have erupted, with great loss of life and the extensive dying of churches, mosques, and small businesses (Kesselman, Krieger, and Joseph 300-301).The Ineffective Party System and ConclusionNigerias political system consists of many parties. The d ifferent ethnicities contribute to the disunity in Nigeria. The different regions contribute to the political instability. The different religious groups contribute to destructive behavior. The Nigerian multiparty system is ineffective because, unlike most democracy which promotes peace and freedom to its people, it creates disunity, instability, and destruction among political parties. The weaknesses of this system includes a divided country whose people work against from each one other a corrupted system where regional parties fight to dominate government and a nation who can not think together. There are no significant strengths. Although a multiparty system is good for redistribution of wealth and power stronger communications and solving problems together, the multiparty system present in Nigeria would best serve no one. Instead of promoting peace like most democracies, Nigeria, consumed in violent opposition between different groups of people, opt to stay in political turmoil .