The Iran Iraq War Essay Example for Free

The Iran Iraq War Essay World History: Mr. Ricky Waldon| Iran – Iraq War | Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) The Iran-Iraq War permanently altered the course of Iraqi history. It strained Iraqi political and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. Viewed from a historical perspective, the outbreak of hostilities in 1980 was, in part, just another phase of the ancient Persian-Arab conflict that had been fueled by twentieth-century border disputes. Many observers, however, believe that Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran was a personal miscalculation based on ambition and a sense of vulnerability. Saddam Hussein, despite having made significant strides in forging an Iraqi nation-state, feared that Irans new revolutionary leadership would threaten Iraqs delicate SunniShia balance and would exploit Iraqs geostrategic vulnerabilitiesIraqs minimal access to the Persian Gulf, for example. In this respect, Saddam Husseins decision to invade Iran has historical precedent; the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, fearing internal strife and foreign conquest, also engaged in frequent battles with the peoples of the highlands. The Iran-Iraq War was multifaceted and included religious schisms, border disputes, and political differences. Conflicts contributing to the outbreak of hostilities ranged from centuries-old Sunni-versus-Shia and Arab-versus-Persian religious and ethnic disputes, to a personal animosity between Saddam Hussein and Ayatollah Khomeini. Above all, Iraq launched the war in an effort to consolidate its rising power in the Arab world and to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Phebe Marr, a noted analyst of Iraqi affairs, stated that the war was more immediately the result of poor political judgement and miscalculation on the part of Saddam Hussein, and the decision to invade, taken at a moment of Iranian weakness, was Saddams. Iraq claimed territories inhabited by Arabs (the Southwestern oil-producing province of Iran called Khouzestan), as well as Iraqs right over Shatt el-Arab (Arvandroud). Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for many years and had revived the dormant Shatt al Arab waterway dispute in 1979. Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the thalwega line running down the middle of the waterwaynegotiated last in 1975, was the official border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement. The Iraqis also perceived revolutionary Irans Islamic agenda as threatening to their pan-Arabism. Khomeini, bitter over his expulsion from Iraq in 1977 after fifteen years in An Najaf, vowed to avenge Shia victims of Baathist repression. Baghdad became more confident, however, as it watched the once invincible Imperial Iranian Army disintegrate, as most of its highest ranking officers were executed. In Khuzestan (Arabistan to the Iraqis), Iraqi intelligence officers incited riots over labor disputes, and in the Kurdish region, a new rebellion caused the Khomeini government severe troubles. As the Baathists planned their military campaign, they had every reason to be confident. Not only did the Iranians lack cohesive leadership, but the Iranian armed forces, according to Iraqi intelligence estimates, also lacked spare parts for their American-made equipment. Baghdad, on the other hand, possessed fully equipped and trained forces. Morale was running high. Against Irans armed forces, including the Pasdaran (Revolutionary Guard) troops, led by religious mullahs with little or no military experience, the Iraqis could muster twelve complete mechanized divisions, equipped with the latest Soviet materiel. With the Iraqi military buildup in the late 1970s, Saddam Hussein had assembled an army of 190,000 men, augmented by 2,200 tanks and 450 aircraft. In addition, the area across the Shatt al Arab posed no major obstacles, particularly for an army equipped with Soviet river-crossing equipment. Iraqi commanders correctly assumed that crossing sites on the Khardeh and Karun rivers were lightly defended against their mechanized armor divisions; moreover, Iraqi intelligence sources reported that Iranian forces in Khuzestan, which had formerly included two divisions distributed among Ahvaz, Dezful, and Abadan, now consisted of only a number of ill-equipped battalion-sized formations. Tehran was further disadvantaged because the area was controlled by the Regional 1st Corps headquartered at Bakhtaran (formerly Kermanshah), whereas operational control was directed from the capital. In the year following the shahs overthrow, only a handful of company-sized tank units had been operative, and the rest of the armored equipment had been poorly maintained. For Iraqi planners, the only uncertainty was the fighting ability of the Iranian air force, equipped with some of the most sophisticated American-made aircraft. Despite the execution of key air force commanders and pilots, the Iranian air force had displayed its might during local riots and demonstrations. The air force was also active in the wake of the failed United States attempt to rescue American hostages in April 1980. This show of force had impressed Iraqi decision makers to such an extent that they decided to launch a massive preemptive air strike on Iranian air bases in an effort similar to the one that Israel employed during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War. Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82 Despite the Iraqi governments concern, the eruption of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran did not immediately destroy the Iraqi-Iranian rapprochement that had prevailed since the 1975 Algiers Agreement. As a sign of Iraqs desire to maintain good relations with the new government in Tehran, President Bakr sent a personal message to Khomeini offering his best wishes for the friendly Iranian people on the occasion of the establishment of the Islamic Republic. In addition, as late as the end of August 1979, Iraqi authorities extended an invitation to Mehdi Bazargan, the first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to visit Iraq with the aim of improving bilateral relations. The fall of the moderate Bazargan government in late 1979, however, and the rise of Islamic militants preaching an expansionist foreign policy soured Iraqi-Iranian relations. The principal events that touched off the rapid deterioration in relations occurred during the spring of 1980. In April the Iranian-supported Ad Dawah attempted to assassinate Iraqi foreign minister Tariq Aziz. Shortly after the failed grenade attack on Tariq Aziz, Ad Dawah was suspected of attempting to assassinate another Iraqi leader, Minister of Culture and Information Latif Nayyif Jasim. In response, the Iraqis immediately rounded up members and supporters of Ad Dawah and deported to Iran thousands of Shias of Iranian origin. In the summer of 1980, Saddam Hussein ordered the executions of presumed Ad Dawah leader Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad Baqr as Sadr and his sister. In September 1980, border skirmishes erupted in the central sector near Qasr-e Shirin, with an exchange of artillery fire by both sides. A few weeks later, Saddam Hussein officially abrogated the 1975 treaty between Iraq and Iran and announced that the Shatt al Arab was returning to Iraqi sovereignty. Iran rejected this action and hostilities escalated as the two sides exchanged bombing raids deep into each others territory, beginning what was to be a protracted and extremely costly war. Baghdad originally planned a quick victory over Tehran. Saddam expected the invasion of the in the Arabic-speaking, oil-rich area of Khuzistan to result in an Arab uprising against Khomeinis fundamentalist Islamic regime. This revolt did not materialize, however, and the Arab minority remained loyal to Tehran. On September 22, 1980, formations of Iraqi MiG-23s and MiG21s attacked Irans air bases at Mehrabad and Doshen-Tappen (both near Tehran), as well as Tabriz, Bakhtaran, Ahvaz, Dezful, Urmia (sometimes cited as Urumiyeh), Hamadan, Sanandaj, and Abadan. Their aim was to destroy the Iranian air force on the grounda lesson learned from the Arab-Israeli June 1967 War. They succeeded in destroying runways and fuel and ammunition depots, but much of Irans aircraft inventory was left intact. Iranian defenses were caught by surprise, but the Iraqi raids failed because Iranian jets were protected in specially strengthened hangars and because bombs designed to destroy runways did not totally incapacitate Irans very large airfields. Within hours, Iranian F-4 Phantoms took off from the same bases, successfully attacked strategically important targets close to major Iraqi cities, and returned home with very few losses. Simultaneously, six Iraqi army divisions entered Iran on three fronts in an initially successful surprise attack, where they drove as far as eight kilometers inland and occupied 1,000 square kilometers of Iranian territory. As a diversionary move on the northern front, an Iraqi mechanized mountain infantry division overwhelmed the border garrison at Qasr-e Shirin, a border town in Bakhtaran (formerly known as Kermanshahan) Province, and occupied territory thirty kilometers eastward to the base of the Zagros Mountains. This area was strategically significant because the main Baghdad-Tehran highway traversed it. On the central front, Iraqi forces captured Mehran, on the western plain of the Zagros Mountains in Ilam Province, and pushed eastward to the mountain base. Mehran occupied an important position on the major north-south road, close to the border on the Iranian side. The main thrust of the attack was in the south, where five armored and mechanized divisions invaded Khuzestan on two axes, one crossing over the Shatt al Arab near Basra, which led to the siege and eventual occupation of Khorramshahr, and the second heading for Susangerd, which had Ahvaz, the major military base in Khuzestan, as its objective. Iraqi armored units easily crossed the Shatt al Arab waterway and entered the Iranian province of Khuzestan. Dehloran and several other towns were targeted and were rapidly occupied to prevent reinforcement from Bakhtaran and from Tehran. By mid-October, a full division advanced through Khuzestan headed for Khorramshahr and Abadan and the strategic oil fields nearby. Other divisions headed toward Ahvaz, the provincial capital and site of an air base. Supported by heavy artillery fire, the troops made a rapid and significant advancealmost eighty kilometers in the first few days. In the battle for Dezful in Khuzestan, where a major air base is located, the local Iranian army commander requested air support in order to avoid a defeat. President Bani Sadr, therefore, authorized the release from jail of many pilots, some of whom were suspected of still being loyal to the shah. With the increased use of the Iranian air force, the Iraqi progress was somewhat curtailed. The last major Iraqi territorial gain took place in early November 1980. On November 3, Iraqi forces reached Abadan but were repulsed by a Pasdaran unit. Even though they surrounded Abadan on three sides and occupied a portion of the city, the Iraqis could not overcome the stiff resistance; sections of the city still under Iranian control were resupplied by boat at night. On November 10, Iraq captured Khorramshahr after a bloody house-to-house fight. The price of this victory was high for both sides, approximately 6,000 casualties for Iraq and even more for Iran. Iraqs blitz-like assaults against scattered and demoralized Iranian forces led many observers to think that Baghdad would win the war within a matter of weeks. Indeed, Iraqi troops did capture the Shatt al Arab and did seize a forty-eight-kilometer- wide strip of Iranian territory. Iran may have prevented a quick Iraqi victory by a rapid mobilization of volunteers and deployment of loyal Pasdaran forces to the front. Besides enlisting the Iranian pilots, the new revolutionary regime also recalled veterans of the old imperial army, although many experienced officers, most of whom had been trained in the United States, had been purged. Furthermore, the Pasdaran and Basij (what Khomeini called the Army of Twenty Million or Peoples Militia) recruited at least 100,000 volunteers. Approximately 200,000 soldiers were sent to the front by the end of November 1980. They were ideologically committed troops (some members even carried their own shrouds to the front in the expectation of martyrdom) that fought bravely despite inadequate armor support. For example, on November 7 commando units played a significant role, with the navy and air force, in an assault on Iraqi oil export terminals at Mina al Bakr and Al Faw. Iran hoped to diminish Iraqs financial resources by reducing its oil revenues. Iran also attacked the northern pipeline in the early days of the war and persuaded Syria to close the Iraqi pipeline that crossed its territory. Irans resistance at the outset of the Iraqi invasion was unexpectedly strong, but it was neither well organized nor equally successful on all fronts. Iraq easily advanced in the northern and central sections and crushed the Pasdarans scattered resistance there. Iraqi troops, however, faced untiring resistance in Khuzestan. President Saddam Hussein of Iraq may have thought that the approximately 3 million Arabs of Khuzestan would join the Iraqis against Tehran. Instead, many allied with Irans regular and irregular armed forces and fought in the battles at Dezful, Khorramshahr, and Abadan. Soon after capturing Khorramshahr, the Iraqi troops lost their initiative and began to dig in along their line of advance. Tehran rejected a settlement offer and held the line against the militarily superior Iraqiforce. It refused to accept defeat, and slowly began a series of counteroffensives in January 1981. Both the volunteers and the regular armed forces were eager to fight, the latter seeing an opportunity to regain prestige lost because of their association with the shahs regime. Irans first major counterattack failed, however, for political and military reasons. President Bani Sadr was engaged in a power struggle with key religious figures and eager to gain political support among the armed forces by direct involvement in military operations. Lacking military expertise, he initiated a premature attack by three regular armored regiments without the assistance of the Pasdaran units. He also failed to take into account that the ground near Susangerd, muddied by the preceding rainy season, would make resupply difficult. As a result of his tactical decision making, the Iranian forces were surrounded on three sides. In a long exchange of fire, many Iranian armored vehicles were destroyed or had to be abandoned because they were either stuck in the mud or needed minor repairs. Fortunately for Iran, however, the Iraqi forces failed to follow up with another attack. Iran stopped Iraqi forces on the Karun River and, with limited military stocks, unveiled its human wave assaults, which used thousands of Basij (Popular Mobilization Army or Peoples Army) volunteers.

Causes of Epilepsy and Seizures

Causes of Epilepsy and Seizures Contents (Jump to) Introduction to Epilepsy Seizures Causes of Epilepsy Conclusion References Figures Appendix Introduction to Epilepsy Epilepsy is the oldest known brain disorder dating back as early as 2080BC (Cascino et al., 1995). It was first identified as a disease by Dr Jon Hughlings Jackson in 1880 who defined it as â€Å"An occasional, sudden, massive, rapid and local discharge or the grey matter† (Scott, 1978). This definition has been confirmed 50 years later by Electroencephalography. A more recent definition was devised stating â€Å"Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which the nerve cell activity in your brain is disturbed, causing a seizure during which you experience abnormal behaviour, symptoms and sensations, including loss of consciousness.†(Scambler, 1989) Worldwide, it is estimated that there are 65 million people living with epilepsy with almost 80% of the cases reported occurring in the developing world (Ngugi et al., 2010). Within the UK, the prevalence is between 1 in 40/70,000 which equates to 3% of the population will develop epilepsy in their lifetime. Recurrent seizures are the hallmark characteristic of an epileptic. If an individual has one seizure early in their lives then none thereafter, they are said to have had an epileptic seizure but do not suffer from epilepsy. (Duncan et al., 2006) Seizures A seizure is abnormally excessive neuronal activity localised to a particular area of the brain known as the cerebral cortex causing a disruption to normal brain function. These cortical discharges will transmit to the muscles causing convulsions or commonly referred to as a fit. Figure 1 Generalised seizure with neuronal activation in both hemisphere Classifying seizures is done based on the site of the brain which the seizure begins. This will be either; Partial – where the onset of seizure is localised to one part of the hemisphere (fig. 1), Generalised – where the onset of the seizure is across both hemispheres (fig. 2) or Secondary generalised – where a partial seizure later spreads to involve the majority of the 2 cerebral hemispheres (Duncan et al., 2006). Figure 2 Partial seizure with neuronal activation in one hemisphere The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) have defined 6 main types of seizures: Clonic, Tonic, Tonic-Clonic, myoclonic, absence and atonic (Solodar, 2014), with all having the shared characteristic of syncope. Tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal seizures) are the most common and typically last 30 seconds with an initial back arching motion (tonic phase), followed by severe shaking of body limbs (clonic phase) in which sufferers can become incontinent and bit their tongue (fig. 3). Myoclonic seizures consist of muscle spasms throughout the body, while absence seizures only display mild symptoms such as a slight head turn or repetitive eye blinking (Engel and Pedley, 2008). Figure 3 Tonic and Clonic phases of a seizure Causes of Epilepsy Majority of cases are termed idiopathic, meaning there is no known reason for the disorder in that individual. The difference in causes amongst the general population can be seen in figure 4. Genetic factors can causes epilepsy as can environmental factors. In general it is a combination of the two which go on to cause someone to become epileptic. Over 500 genes have been identified to be linked to the disorder if mutated with some making individuals more sensitive to environmental conditions that can initiate seizures (Sanchez-Carpintero Abad et al., 2007). Some symptomatic causes of epilepsy include; brain tumours, strokes, low oxygen during birth, head injuries during birth or during a person’s lifetime, infections such as meningitis or anything which causes damage to the brain (Chang and Lowenstein, 2003). Figure 4 Causes of epilepsy amongst the general population Conclusion Epilepsy is a condition which has a host of causes as have been highlighted. It is the category of seizure within the brain an individual has which will determine the type of seizure they have and the altered body state which is displayed. This can be a very distressing disorder for sufferers as they are unable to control when they have a seizure and could occur at a very dangerous time such as whilst driving. The effective management via medication, surgery or lifestyle changes can reduce a person’s chance of suffering future seizures. Unfortunately in the majority of cases, the cause is unknown. This makes it highly difficult to target the disease for a cure, therefore minimising the probability of a seizure is the next best thing. References CASCINO, G., HOPKINS, A. O. SHORVON, S. D. 1995. Epilepsy, London, Chapman Hall Medical. CHANG, B. S. LOWENSTEIN, D. H. 2003. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med, 349, 1257-66. DUNCAN, J. S., SANDER, J. W., SISODIYA, S. M. WALKER, M. C. 2006. Adult epilepsy. Lancet, 367, 1087-100. ENGEL, J., JR. PEDLEY, T. A. 2008. Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook, Philadelphia, Pa. ; London, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. NGUGI, A. K., BOTTOMLEY, C., KLEINSCHMIDT, I., SANDER, J. W. NEWTON, C. R. 2010. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia, 51, 883-890. SANCHEZ-CARPINTERO ABAD, R., SANMARTI VILAPLANA, F. X. SERRATOSA FERNANDEZ, J. M. 2007. Genetic causes of epilepsy. Neurologist, 13, S47-51. SCAMBLER, G. 1989. Epilepsy, London, Tavistock / Routledge. SCOTT, D. 1978. About epilepsy, London, Duckworth. SOLODAR, J. 2014. Commentary: ILAE Definition of Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 55, 491. Figures ENGEL, J., JR. PEDLEY, T. A. 2008. Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook, Philadelphia, Pa. ; London, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. – figures 1 2 http://www.doctortipster.com/10291-generalized-tonic-clonic-epilepsy-seizures-grand-mal-seizures-clinical-presentation.html figure 3 http://www.cureepilepsy.org/egi/about.asp figure 4 Appendix Reference Type: Book Record Number: 1988 Author: Cascino, Gregory, Hopkins, Anthony October and Shorvon, S. D. Year: 1995 Title: Epilepsy Place Published: London Publisher: Chapman Hall Medical Edition: 2nd ed / edited by Anthony Hopkins, Simon Shorvon and Gregory Cascino. Short Title: Epilepsy ISBN: 0412543303 :  ¹95.00 Accession Number: b9561325 Call Number: 616.853 20 British Library DSC 95/22799 British Library STI (B) GV 05 blsrissc Keywords: Epilepsy. Notes: GB9561325 bnb 2362 Previous ed.: 1987. Includes bibliographies and index. Research Notes: Useful book, especially for historical aspects. Uses different terminology for seizures than other material, possibly due to age of print Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 2037 Author: Chang, B. S. and Lowenstein, D. H. Year: 2003 Title: Epilepsy Journal: N Engl J Med Volume: 349 Issue: 13 Pages: 1257-66 Epub Date: 2003/09/26 Date: Sep 25 Short Title: Epilepsy Alternate Journal: The New England journal of medicine ISSN: 0028-4793 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra022308 Accession Number: 14507951 Keywords: Cerebral Cortex/pathology/physiopathology Electroencephalography Epilepsy/classification/etiology/pathology/*physiopathology Hippocampus/pathology Humans Ion Channels/physiopathology Neuroglia/physiology Sclerosis Thalamus/physiopathology Notes: 1533-4406 Chang, Bernard S Lowenstein, Daniel H NS39950/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Govt, P.H.S. Review United States N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 25;349(13):1257-66. Research Notes: Good overview of the disorder with relevant sections around the causes Author Address: Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. Database Provider: NLM Language: eng Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 10337 Author: Duncan, J. S., Sander, J. W., Sisodiya, S. M. and Walker, M. C. Year: 2006 Title: Adult epilepsy Journal: Lancet Volume: 367 Issue: 9516 Pages: 1087-100 Epub Date: 2006/04/04 Date: Apr 1 Short Title: Adult epilepsy Alternate Journal: Lancet ISSN: 0140-6736 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68477-8 Accession Number: 16581409 Keywords: Adult Aged Anticonvulsants/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Drug Resistance/*genetics Electroencephalography *Epilepsy/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology Humans Incidence Infant Pharmacogenetics Abstract: The epilepsies are one of the most common serious brain disorders, can occur at all ages, and have many possible presentations and causes. Although incidence in childhood has fallen over the past three decades in developed countries, this reduction is matched by an increase in elderly people. Monogenic Mendelian epilepsies are rare. A clinical syndrome often has multiple possible genetic causes, and conversely, different mutations in one gene can lead to various epileptic syndromes. Most common epilepsies, however, are probably complex traits with environmental effects acting on inherited susceptibility, mediated by common variation in particular genes. Diagnosis of epilepsy remains clinical, and neurophysiological investigations assist with diagnosis of the syndrome. Brain imaging is making great progress in identifying the structural and functional causes and consequences of the epilepsies. Current antiepileptic drugs suppress seizures without influencing the underlying t endency to generate seizures, and are effective in 60-70% of individuals. Pharmacogenetic studies hold the promise of being able to better individualise treatment for each patient, with maximum possibility of benefit and minimum risk of adverse effects. For people with refractory focal epilepsy, neurosurgical resection offers the possibility of a life-changing cure. Potential new treatments include precise prediction of seizures and focal therapy with drug delivery, neural stimulation, and biological grafts. Notes: 1474-547x Duncan, John S Sander, Josemir W Sisodiya, Sanjay M Walker, Matthew C Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Review England Lancet. 2006 Apr 1;367(9516):1087-100. Research Notes: Very good overview with clear explanation around neuronal activity of seizures Author Address: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology UCL, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. [emailprotected] Database Provider: NLM Language: eng Reference Type: Book Record Number: 10529 Author: Engel, Jerome, Jr. and Pedley, Timothy A. Year: 2008 Title: Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook Place Published: Philadelphia, Pa. ; London Publisher: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins Pages: 2797 Edition: 2nd ed. Short Title: Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook ISBN: 9780781757775 (set) :  ¹173.00 0781757770 (set) :  ¹173.00 Call Number: 616.853 22 British Library DSC m07/.34665 vol. 1 British Library STI (B) 616.853 British Library DSC m07/.34666 vol. 3 British Library DSC m07/.34664 vol. 2 Keywords: Epilepsy. Notes: GBA771698 bnb editors, Jerome Engel Jr., Timothy A. Pedley ; associate editors, Jean Aicardi [et al.]. Previous ed. : c1998. Includes bibliographical references and index. Formerly CIP. Uk Research Notes: Had everything covered in good detail. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 10335 Author: Ngugi, Anthony K., Bottomley, Christian, Kleinschmidt, Immo, Sander, Josemir W. and Newton, Charles R. Year: 2010 Title: Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach Journal: Epilepsia Volume: 51 Issue: 5 Pages: 883-890 Short Title: Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach ISSN: 0013-9580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.x Abstract: To estimate the burden of lifetime epilepsy (LTE) and active epilepsy (AE) and examine the influence of study characteristics on prevalence estimates. Notes: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.x Research Notes: Only really useful for prevalence related material URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.x Name of Database: READCUBE Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 11373 Author: Sanchez-Carpintero Abad, R., Sanmarti Vilaplana, F. X. and Serratosa Fernandez, J. M. Year: 2007 Title: Genetic causes of epilepsy Journal: Neurologist Volume: 13 Issue: 6 Suppl 1 Pages: S47-51 Date: Nov Short Title: Genetic causes of epilepsy Alternate Journal: The neurologist ISSN: 1074-7931 (Print) 1074-7931 (Linking) DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e31815bb07d Accession Number: 18090951 Keywords: Animals Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology Epilepsy/*etiology/*genetics/pathology Humans Ion Channel Gating/genetics Ion Channels/genetics/*physiology Abstract: BACKGROUND: The contribution of genetic factors to the origin of different epilepsies is a fact established by epidemiological, clinical, and molecular studies. These studies have made it possible to identify numerous mutations in different genes that cause or predispose to the development of certain types of epilepsy. REVIEW SUMMARY: The study of single-gene epilepsies has contributed relevant data regarding the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Most of these genes encode voltage- or ligand-gated ion channels. Other single-gene epilepsies are related to mutations that provoke alterations in neuronal maturation and migration during embryonic development. Nevertheless, the most common forms of epilepsy are not caused by single mutations but by a combination of polymorphisms, most of which are unknown, that generate an alteration in neuronal excitability. In some syndromes, genetic alterations and their consequences have made it possible to explain the therapeutic response to diff erent drugs. Therefore, the progress being made in genetics is changing the classification and diagnosis of epilepsy; moreover, it can sometimes influence the choice of treatment. CONCLUSION: The advances made in genetic knowledge of epilepsy have led to the description of new epilepsy syndromes and to a better characterization of known ones. However, the genes responsible for the most common forms of idiopathic epilepsy remain mostly unknown. This means that for the time being, in clinical practice, genetic diagnosis is limited to uncommon syndromes and to cases in which treatment decisions or genetic counseling can be derived from the diagnosis. Notes: Sanchez-Carpintero Abad, Rocio Sanmarti Vilaplana, Francesc X Serratosa Fernandez, Jose Maria eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt Review 2008/01/26 09:00 Neurologist. 2007 Nov;13(6 Suppl 1):S47-51. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e31815bb07d. Research Notes: Very complicated to read. Poorly illustrated. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090951 Author Address: Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. [emailprotected] Reference Type: Book Record Number: 2015 Author: Scambler, Graham Year: 1989 Title: Epilepsy Place Published: London Publisher: Tavistock / Routledge Short Title: Epilepsy ISBN: 0415017580 (pbk) : No price 0415017572 (cased) : No price Accession Number: b8920431 Call Number: 362.1/96853 19 British Library DSC 89/23194 British Library HMNTS YK.1989.a.5440 Keywords: Epileptics Psychology. Notes: GB8920431 bnb 2054 Graham Scambler. The Experience of illness Bibliography: p124-130. _ Includes index. Research Notes: Written with the patient in mind but lacks specific scientific data Reference Type: Book Record Number: 2011 Author: Scott, Donald F. Year: 1978 Title: About Epilepsy : revised Edition Place Published: [S.l.] Publisher: Duckworth Edition: 3rd Ed. Short Title: About Epilepsy : revised Edition ISBN: 0715609467 Call Number: British Library DSC 79/5721 Research Notes: Very well written with good scientific data to back up claims. Reference Type: Journal Article Record Number: 10484 Author: Solodar, J. Year: 2014 Title: Commentary: ILAE Definition of Epilepsy Journal: Epilepsia Volume: 55 Issue: 4 Pages: 491 Date: Apr Short Title: Commentary: ILAE Definition of Epilepsy Alternate Journal: Epilepsia ISSN: 1528-1167 (Electronic) 0013-9580 (Linking) DOI: 10.1111/epi.12594 Accession Number: 24731170 Keywords: *Advisory Committees Epilepsy/*classification/*diagnosis Female Humans Male *Research Report *Societies, Medical Notes: Solodar, Jessica eng Comment 2014/04/16 06:00 Epilepsia. 2014 Apr;55(4):491. doi: 10.1111/epi.12594. Epub 2014 Apr 14. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24731170 Research Notes: Good summary of definitions around seizures and all terminology within epilepsy 1

Four Basic Principles That Underpin Construction Projects Economics Essay

Four Basic Principles That Underpin Construction Projects Economics Essay Construction economics like pure economics, its mainstream equivalent is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources. This is far more complex that as it first appears. Many of the worlds resources (factors of production such as land, labour, capital and enterprise) are finite, yet people have infinite wants. We are therefore faced with a two-pronged problem; at any point in time there is a fixed stock of resources, set against many wants. In an attempt to reconcile this problem, economists argue that people must make careful choices, in terms in construction choices about what investments are made, how these are constructed and on whose behalf. Construction is greatly dependent on the changes in the UK economy, and particularly on those which are the direct result of the government policy. Construction output is a response to the demand for buildings, and this is result of derived demand for other products and service. Variations in the Gross national product will, in this way, influence the demand for construction work and the associated level of employment. There are four basic principles that underpin construction projects; supply, demand, markets and types of business. Supply The word supply used in economics is normally defined as; the total amount of good or service available for purchase; along with demand, one of the two key determinants of price. This definition states that supply can be calculated by looking at the demand. Supply can also be affected in many ways the main one being demand. However there can be other factors that can affect supply as well, it could be the price of other related goods for example; paper is made from trees, therefore a tree would be considered a related good to paper. If the price of harvesting a tree increases the supply for paper will decrease. The line marked S is the supply curve. The curve depicts the relationship between two variables only; the price and quantity supplied. The supply curve can also shift left or right if there is an increase of supply for a certain product of service, it will increase the quantity and reduce the price. A change in supply refers to a change in behaviour of sellers caused because a factor held constant has changed. As a result of a change in supply, there is a new relationship between price and quantity. As the supply has changed or shifted to the right, we can see that the quantity has increased but the price has decreased. Supply must always be looked at when beginning a construction project, for example if the supply of housing has decreased there would be no point in purchasing a house for refurbishment and selling it on as the demand would have also decreased. Therefore when beginning a project, the related supply should be checked carefully and the project should be started at the estimated time of equilibrium. Demand The word demand is used widely through out the economics world and it simply means; desire, a desire for someone to own a good or service also having the ability and willingness to pay. Just like supply there are several factors that can affect demand the main one being supply. However there are other factors that can also affect demand this can be the price of related good or even income. The more income a person gets it is more likely that they will buy something. The preference of a certain good can also increase demand, for example if a large amount of people prefer a pair of jeans over a pair trouser then the demand for jeans will increase and the demand for a pair of trousers will decrease. The red line shows the demand curve. The curve is two dimensional and depicts the relationship between two variables only; price and quantity demanded. Looking at the diagram on the right, we can see the red demand curve, there is a shift to the right, this tells us that the demand has increased; therefore supply has increased along with the increase of price and quantity. For example, there would be a sudden demand for pancakes on Pancake Day, because of this the supply will increase, the price and quantity will also increase. Elasticity of demand can be defined as, the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. (John Sloman, 2003, page44). If the price elasticity of a product is known then predications can be made on the effect of price and quantity for a supply curve. The size of change in supply and in demand can be calculated for comparison. It is measured in percentage. This graph shows three constant-elasticity demand curves. D1 is a vertical curve; the quantity does not change if the price changes, therefore it has zero elasticity. D2 is a horizontal curve; this is infinitely elastic. Any price below P0 gives an infinite demand and any price above gives a demand of zero. The curve D3 if unitary elastic, this means when there is a given percentage change in the price of the good it will result in an identical percentage change in the quantity that is demanded. In terms of a construction demand is very similar to supply, for example after completing refurbishment works on a house, it should not be sold immediately. It should be sold at a suitable time; it should be sold when the demand is high. The reason for this is, when the demand for housing is low the price of the house will decrease, and when the supply increases so does the price. Markets A command economy is where supply is controlled by the government, they decide what type of good and services are needed and decide how they are distributed. A free market economy is all allocation of scares resources is determined by supply and demand. There is no control from the government, and there is free trade without any major problems. A mixed economy has the best of both; there are parts of the command economy and parts of the free market economy, a mixed economy is an economic systems that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises. Depending on the type of market there is a construction project can be affected in many ways. For example a command economy will just build houses if they are needed, they will sell house if they need to be sold, and there is little room for choice. A free market will build entirely out of will; if it is needed then it will be built. If someone has the desire and the correct funds to build a house, then they will. And if someone wishes to purchase a house, they will agree an amount and pay it off. As above a mixed economy is the best of both, however in many circumstances the price for housing price does rise and fall. But, anyone person can build at their own will, but they will need planning permission. Types of Business There is a large extent of business structures they all have different purposes but all have the same goal to be successful. The types of business are; a sole traders, partnerships, public limited companies, private limited companies, housing associations, non-profit making organisations. A sole trader is; an individual owns and runs their own business without the need for employees. For example this could be a small corner shop. A partnership is; there are two or more people working together to make a profit. The partners together own the business and normally share out profits equally between each other. This could be a small/medium sized grocery store. A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops) is a type of limited liability Company in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (and other jurisdictions where companies law is derived from English law) which is permitted to offer its shares to the public. For example Natwest bank is a public limited company. Housing Associations provide housing, they are more commonly known as Registered Social Landlords or RSL for short. They function as a normal business and any profits that may be made a put back into the business, so it is a non-profit making business. An example of a housing association is London and Quadrant housing trust. Non-profit making organisations tend to help the local area or community and all surpluses are not distrusted but it is put back into the company to help it grow and achieve its goal. When the recession hit the UK the supply and demand for housing were affected. Banks were not lending money for people who wanted to buy houses and many people were not interested in buying at all, as interest rate were too high. Therefore the demand for new housing dramatically decreased as a consequence the supply also decreased. Scarcity Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human needs and wants, in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive resources to fulfill all human wants and needs.  [1]  Certain goods are likely to remain inherently scarce by definition or by design; examples include land and positional goods such as awards generated by honor systems, fame, and membership of elites. These things are said to derive all or most of their value from their scarcity. This can be a large problem, many thing in the world are scarce this includes land, food, and other resources. For example land is a scarce resource as there is only a limited amount available, but it is always in demand. Also, scarcity can affect many things in construction for example raw materials are a scarce resource as it is always in high demand. Raw materials are sold in what is called the factor market. This is because  raw materials are factors of production alon g with labour and  capital. Raw materials are so important to the production process that the success of a countrys economy can be determined by the amount of natural resources the country has within its own borders. A country that has abundant natural resources does not need to import as many raw materials, and  has an opportunity to export the materials to other countries.  [2]  Timber being a raw material, is a very scarce resource as the amount of time taken for it to grow is not quick enough for the ever growing human demand. Task 2 The construction industry is heavily reliant on borrowing money to complete many projects. Many people can not afford to pay off a construction project completely. Hence, when the rescission hit the United Kingdom it had a large affect on it. Banks could not afford to lend any money that would go towards constriction projects; from this moment on the construction industry is still suffering as clients can not get hold of necessary funds to pay off the contractor. Due to the downfall of the construction industry the housing industry has also declined as a result of this. Office for National Statistics modelling suggests that the sector declined by 0.7 per cent in the first quarter of 2010, following the 0.9 per cent fall in the final quarter of 2009. UK GDP as a whole rose 0.2 per cent in the first quarter of 2010, the same data revealed. The weak data suggests that the brief growth period in mid-2009 was a false dawn as the construction sector has lagged behind ever since. Most predictions had suggested that 2010 would see further decline in construction, however, with many predicting falls of around 5 per cent this year to add to the double digit declines of 2009. While the reasons for the further contraction in the sector were unclear, some surveys have suggested there is lower spending in the public sector as projects are delayed in the run up to the election on 6 May. The rate of growth in the whole economy of 0.2 per cent is a slowdown f rom 0.4 per cent growth in the final quarter of 2009.  [3]   The UK government has plans for public spending and it is hoped that these will include major construction projects, such as roads, schools and other public buildings. This would help the construction industry and those companies that supply the construction industry to ensure continued employment for many. Construction accounts for about 6 per cent of the economy, but analyst said that, despite its modest size, the rapid deterioration in the sector does not bode well for the economy, particularly following poor manufacturing figures last week.  [4]   Quite simply the main economic problem in construction is the fact that no one wants to build anything, because they can not build anything if they have no money. When a construction project commences the client needs to get a hold of enough funds to be able to complete the project. Since the recession many construction projects have been put on hold, the reason for this is that bank were reluctant to give out any loan and any loan that they did give had very high interest rates, as a result of this many people were put off to even consider taking out a loan. Hence many people have been made redundant as companies could not afford to keep them employed. As more and more people became redundant, people became competitive, to try and fight for their job. Only after the recession can work go back to normal, but it will take time for construction projects to go back how they were as construction projects are very expensive, and many of them are based on credit or loans given out by banks or other similar sources. The term business cycle (or economic cycle) refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years. These fluctuations occur around a long-term growth trend, and typically involve shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid economic growth (expansion or boom), and periods of relative stagnation or decline (contraction or recession). These fluctuations are often measured using the growth rate of real gross domestic product. Despite being termed cycles, most of these fluctuations in economic activity do not follow a mechanical or predictable periodic pattern.  [5]   Construction activity in the UK continued to decline in Q1 2009, but at a marginally slower pace than in Q4 2008. The net balance of surveyors reporting a decline in activity increased from -47 to -45. All sectors experienced declines in workloads, although such declines moderated in the private and, particularly, the public housing sectors. Private industrial and private commercial workloads continued to fall at pretty much the same rapid pace as in the previous quarter. Meanwhile, declines in infrastructure workloads accelerated and public non-housing workloads resumed their decline having increased in the previous quarter. Private housing workloads continued to fall sharply Q1 2009, but a slower pace than in Q4 2008. Workloads fell at a slower pace in the South West, the Midlands/ East Anglia region, the North, Scotland and the London/ South East region. In Wales, workloads continued to fall at the same sharp pace as in the previous quarter. In Northern Ireland, private housing workloads fell at slower pace. Public housing workloads continued to fall, but only mildly. Workloads increased in the Midlands/ East Anglia region, they stabilised in Wales and they fell elsewhere. In Northern Ireland and Scotland, the pace of decline in public housing workloads picked up sharply.  [6]   Capital costs are costs incurred on the purchase of land, buildings, construction and equipment to be used in the production of goods or the rendering of services. In other words, the total cost needed to bring a project to a commercially operable status. However, capital costs are not limited to the initial construction of a factory or other business. For example, the purchase of a new machine that will increase production and last for years is a capital cost. Capital costs do not include labour costs except for the labour used for construction. Unlike operating costs, capital costs are one-time expenses, although payment may be spread out over many years  [7]  in financial reports and tax returns. Capital costs are fixed and are therefore independent of the level of output.

Management Leadership :: essays research papers

Management and Leadership In today’s business, there is the need of having people to lead and manage due to the them growing rapidly. For that, reason organizations are hiring leaders and managers to help them run their businesses. Many would think that management and leadership are synonymous to each other but they are not. The two are related, but their functions are different. Below I will differentiate their roles and responsibilities in maintaining a healthy environment in an organization. In addition, I will give recommendations to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Management and leadership are both important in an organization, but they seek two different things. Managers focus on managing the work that needs to be done by putting their employees to help them accomplish the objectives while leaders focus on leading people to the companies vision. Management also focuses on the short-term events, they ensure that the resources are used and improvement is made within time frames of days, weeks and months. Leaders, in the other hand deals with uncertainly, they focused on long term events such as policies and procedures. Managers empowers (not only delegate) staff and develops them for advancement. Managers has to seek feedback and listen, they have too build visions and missions with their staff. Managers has to respond promptly to staff and manager has to manage creatively and to demonstrate good examples to the staff It is important to manage the organization culture and to know the weaknesses. The goal of the organization should not only emphasize on being profitable but also to be an enjoyable place to work in. The most important assets in any organization is its employees, and nothing affects the day to day lives of the employees more than the culture in which they work. Because of poor culture can result in bad work life experience for employees, which in turn will result in higher turnover. Making the cost of retraining people in key positions, and the brain drain that comes because the new person doesn’t know quite as much as the one who left. The culture of the organization needs to be enjoyable. Management Leadership :: essays research papers Management and Leadership In today’s business, there is the need of having people to lead and manage due to the them growing rapidly. For that, reason organizations are hiring leaders and managers to help them run their businesses. Many would think that management and leadership are synonymous to each other but they are not. The two are related, but their functions are different. Below I will differentiate their roles and responsibilities in maintaining a healthy environment in an organization. In addition, I will give recommendations to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Management and leadership are both important in an organization, but they seek two different things. Managers focus on managing the work that needs to be done by putting their employees to help them accomplish the objectives while leaders focus on leading people to the companies vision. Management also focuses on the short-term events, they ensure that the resources are used and improvement is made within time frames of days, weeks and months. Leaders, in the other hand deals with uncertainly, they focused on long term events such as policies and procedures. Managers empowers (not only delegate) staff and develops them for advancement. Managers has to seek feedback and listen, they have too build visions and missions with their staff. Managers has to respond promptly to staff and manager has to manage creatively and to demonstrate good examples to the staff It is important to manage the organization culture and to know the weaknesses. The goal of the organization should not only emphasize on being profitable but also to be an enjoyable place to work in. The most important assets in any organization is its employees, and nothing affects the day to day lives of the employees more than the culture in which they work. Because of poor culture can result in bad work life experience for employees, which in turn will result in higher turnover. Making the cost of retraining people in key positions, and the brain drain that comes because the new person doesn’t know quite as much as the one who left. The culture of the organization needs to be enjoyable.

Criticism of Goldsmith’s, She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- She Stoops Co

Criticism of Goldsmith’s, She Stoops to Conquer In reading T.G.A. Nelson's critical essay "Stooping to Conquer in Goldsmith, Haywood and Wycherley" I have to say I that I was pretty scared. Drawing Freud to anything can really be scary according to almost anyone though, certainly in early criticism of "She Stoops to Conquer." As Bernard Harris says, "we should not discount unconscious forces in any comedy", but then he immediately drops the subject saying that "Goldsmith's main interest lies elsewhere."(325) The main focus of Nelson's essay seemed to be on the difficulty that certain men seemed to find "in achieving a satisfactory sexual relationship with a woman resembling the mother. "(319) This essay will look at what Nelson has to say about this Freudian ideology and bring to light my comments on the subject. Nelson begins by looking into some of Freud's essays and applying them to the characteristics describing the "Restoration rake. "(320) One example is how there is compulsive repetition in his relationships. Passionate attachments are formed again and again creating a long line of lovers. The preference for married women is also there, where another man claim the right of possession of her and yet the rake prefers her to one who is "disengaged. " Taking Goldsmith's play, Nelson uses it as the clearest example of Freud's theory. In his play, the character Marlow is very forthright in his dealings with those in a lower station, but with women of quality he becomes shy. Evidently, women of low social standing fail to qualify as 'modest women' for him and this fits closely into "Freud's description of the sufferer of selective impotence. "(322) Reading further it's found that the reason Marlow is so shy with those of hi... ... such an approach to a comedy traditionally, if tacitly, regarded as bland, inoffensive, and largely devoid of sexual content."(326) I applaud Nelson for the work and research he put into his essay; and I'm not saying that just because a play is a comedy, it can't have underlying feelings of repression or other factors involved in its creation. It's just on general principal then, having read Goldsmith's play and enjoyed it for itself while noting possibilities for his commenting on social/class order or the differences between city and country life, that I set aside Nelson's criticism of the play and leave it as it stands, untouched by Freudian ideology. Works Cited Goldsrnith, Oliver. She Stoops to Conquer. Dover Publications, NY: 1991 Nelson, T.G.A. "Stooping to Conquer in Goldsmith. Haywood. and Wycherley." Essays in Criticism. Oxford University Press.

Exegesis on Matthew Essay

Change and become like children France mentions that it is not necessarily the qualities of a child based on ‘unselfishness’ and ‘innocence’ but rather the position that a child holds in the pecking order’ (p. 27) ofa family which is pretty much at the bottom. It is a good point that he makes, although at the same time he doesn’t mention the part of changing which would result in changes from within to more childlike but instead concentrates on a ‘pecking order’. Humbles like a child v4 (ESV) Wiersbe, raises the point of humility in the way ofa child who is totally dependent and unquestioning. As well as to be humble, we are to think less of ourselves than we ought to’ (p64). This is an apt way to put it, as how can we truly bring God glory when there is a onstant focus on our own needs and lives, where status has become more important than encouraging others. Contribution In order to be a part of the Kingdom of Heaven it is essential to become new in our thinking with regards to where we fit in and how high we can climb, and stepping on others along the way. But instead, to reach deep within ourselves and focus on the one thing that is responsible for our existence and learning to depend and trust Him with a vulnerable and respectful heart regardless of age, but Just like a child.

Strategic Plan Part Ii Bus 475

Strategic Plan Part II BUS 475 Christinas comical habiliments stick in leave cater to stage demarcation assisting for a shopping attend that end non be gotten anywhere else. In magnitude for the small argument to accomplish this, the proprietor of Christinas strange tog computer memory impart indigence to complete a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threats, and Trends abstract (SWOTT). The SWOTT pull up stakes throw overboard the proprietor to view the contrast from an objective arcdegree of view and analysis any hassle beas earlier it endures an actual problem.Christinas unequaled wear Store wind instrument distribute an internal and extraneous analysis employ the SWOTT fudge expectant explanations or an analysis on seven chemical elements in the table and naming cardinal factor to be considered the major factor for individually category. The SWOTT identify place and creativity in demeanor as the potentiality and opportunity for Christinas in comparable Clothing. The SWOTT identified locating a sellr for the intersection as a weakness, and the legal and restrictive issues as a threat patch identifying surroundal scruples as a trend for the familiarity to centering for the next.A major intensiveness the caller-up entrust shoot is hole of the remembering. Location is an alpha factor in a furrow succeeding and then, conclusion the skilful location for Christinas eccentric Clothing Store is the alliances strength. The submits location volition be in ara that the think targeted short letter organisation impart frequent to shop, therefore presenting the business the opportunity to offer alter tailored c be in the array industry. As the hold on opens, offering notional and whimsical accessory items ordain allow Christinas Unique Clothing to abide apart from the otherwise dress shops in the argona.Sorella boutique is a mellow-end choice retail store that sells foundationer vesture much(p renominal) as Seven For All Mankind, Vince, and Nicole Miller, however, the boutiques service stops there. Sorella boutique does not offer its customers a change or tailored shopping consume (Sorella Boutique, 2011, p. 1). Locating the correct wholesaler for the trade in to be displayed and exchange in Christinas Unique Clothing Store will be a challenge.The internet is litter with wholesale doers posing a deal for all to get to however for a refreshing business buying ware cheap is great on the work out but buying cheap merchandise will spell failure in the end. Legal and regulatory issues will lease to be researched and followed through before the business puke open its doors to the public. Skipping or ignoring the legalities washbowl only bring disaster to the business quickly. For a retail uniform store the legal issues are few ensuring the topical anaesthetic city or county license requirements are met before opening the business.Insuring the business for at fa ult accidents should be considered also, thus protect the business from liability during an accident. Although to open a small business, it is not required to have any documentation other than a business license from the city in which the business will be operated within, it is recommended that the owner have knowledge of how to run a business. As a long-term aim and for incoming victory, the participation will want to move towards becoming environmental moral sense with a room decorator that is reusing materials for the conditions attire out class or accessories.Becoming environmental sense of right and wrong is how Christinas Unique Clothing Store will out-last the other boutiques in the area. Although, 51% clean small business will survive the first five years, center earliest on what the confederacys long-term goals can help the corporation rest focused on the future (Schaefer, 2011). Christinas Unique Clothing clientele is targeted towards the higher income clas s, sparing quantify are still rough and can be a threat for a sassy business, and must(prenominal) be weighed.As the economic status changes, the company can change as well. The fashion industry changes the design line each year the company can adapt its inventory to take the latest fashion designs to attract its clientele. To bring in an inventory that can be sold at reasonable prices the suppliers will guide to be trustworthy. The dress being offered will be obtained from ornamentalists, wholesalers, or online stores that carry the condition clothing at reasonable prices allowing the clothing to be re-merchandised for a profit.The accessories can be bought from wholesalers or online agents also, saving costs on travel and gas, although the supply chains will need to be organized and categorise by minimum purchase requirement, cost, and popularity. Wholesalers and can online stores bare designer clothing and accessories at a split of the cost when the consumer buys in bulk, the drawback is the merchandise can contain flaws that represents seconds or less quality merchandise. For example, discount stores such as Ross, Kohls, and Goodys advertise designer merchandise for a fraction of the cost in other section stores such asMacys. The difference in the clothing between the discount stores and segment stores are those in the discount stores have flaws such as the size of it of the puff is not a true size for the designer, or the blouse is unevenly hemmed. Finding a wholesaler that sales designer clothing that is of true quality is imperative for the success of Christinas Unique Clothing Store, buying merchandise that is less quality than the received design will cause the business to fail. As the company begins to grow, looking towards the future should be towards the environmentally safe or scruples production of clothing and accessories.As an opportunity to investigate in the environmental side of retail clothing sales, determination a d esigner that designs clothing and accessories from other clothing or materials can lead the business into a different command both environmentally and growth. There will always be that one or two patrons that are looking to continue the environment and if the company can look to incorporate environmentally friendly designer clothing and accessories into the business, the business will be leading the future in clothing retail sales.For example, designer blue jeans dumbfound a designer purse a designer silk shirt becomes a freshly designer pajama top. Reusing material is not a new idea however, creating new items from high-end designer clothing to create environmentally friendlier clothing or recycled designer clothing from the designer is, and if it is made exclusively for Christinas Unique Clothing Store the companys future is secured. In conclusion, Christinas Unique Clothing Store conducted an internal and external analysis using the SWOTT table (Fig 1. ), giving explanations on seven factors and named one factor to be considered as the major focus for each category. The SWOTT identified location and creativity in fashion as the strength and opportunity for Christinas Unique Clothing Store and identified locating a wholesaler for the merchandise as a weakness, and legal and regulatory issues as a threat while identifying environmental conscience as a trend for the company to focus for the future.As the strengths and weakness are examined it is evident for Christinas Unique Clothing to succeed finding a wholesale dealer that delivers designer clothing that are true high-end quality is vital to the companys success. The future success for the company is reliant on a designer convinced in saving the environment and the designer reusing materials from the designers line to create new items exclusively for Christinas Unique Clothing Store. SWOT depth psychologySituation being analysed Christinas Unique Clothing Store * * S1-Strategy * * * * * * * * S2-Struct ures * * * S3-Processes-and systems * * * * S4-Resources * * * S5-Goals * * * * * S6-Technologies * * * * S7-Innovations * * * * S8- lead StrengthsS1 Locating the right place for business is paramount brain the costs in obtaining the perfect location will need to be strategically worked in order to maximize customer exposure.S2 Location of make is important to learn optimum exposureS3 Understanding how a business is ran and the process of a business pecuniary statement is vital to running ones own business. S4 Internet and high quality stores for resale of clothingS5 Setting of goals to meet each quarter, the goals must be attainable and reviewed each quarter and new goals set.S6 Website, creating and updating important to successful follow-up and repeat businessS7 eagle-eyed term goals for innovations such as new designer clothing locally madeS8 Leadership is important and can be a strength when applied correctly, management will need training WeaknessesW1 Cost of building or rent may be too high in the rootage strategies will need to be in place to overcome this weakness to be successful. Location is necessary. W2 Resources for unique and high quality clothing and accessories at affordable prices that can be re-merchandised may become a problem if not handled correctly.W3 Goals not aforethought(ip) or met become weaknesses. W4 Poor planning, and managing, leads to failure. Strategies must be planned and followed through. W5 Creating a business on a culture that is not represented in the area will cause the company to fail. W6 Not recognizing an idea that can be legally saved can lead the business potentially to lose money-causing failure. W7 Leadership is important and without decent training and supervision can become a weakness. * * W1-Structures * * * * * * * W2-Resources * * * * * * * W3-Goals * * * W4-Strategic Capabilities * * * * W5-Culture * * * * * W6-Intellectual property * * * * W7-Leadership * * O1-Global * * * * * * O2-Technological * * * * * * * O3-Innovation * * * * * O4-Social * OpportunitiesO1-Internet sales will reach globally, giving the company an early opportunity to establish clientele extraneous of the United States.O2-Technology is important for the company to stay abreast of the latest fashions and accessories and where to find those unique items for the companys storefront. O3- Being fanciful with fashion is what the clientele is looking for and what Christinas Unique Clothing Store is offering. O4-Interacting with clients and employees while creating relationships and bonds with the clients that will create repeat business. ThreatsT1-Legal and regulatory rules must be known and followed before the business can be unresolved and started.T2-Although the clientele is targeted towards the higher income class, economic times are still rough, can be a threat for a new business, and must be weighed. T3-Local stores analysis is mandatory to ensure the business success, targeting a detail income bracket limits the clientele however, the competitive stores in the area may offer something similar. T4-Most high-end clothing is not made of recycled clothing, environmental issues are becoming an important part of commerce, this can be an area that may need more research, and development as the store grows. * * T1-Legal and regulatory * * * * T2-Economic * * * * * * * T3-Competitive analysis * * * * * * * T4-Environmental * Figure 1. 1 SWOT Analysis (Thompson, 2006) References Schaefer, P. (2011). The Seven Pitfalls of line of merchandise Failure. Retrieved from http//www. businessknowhow. com/StartUp/business-failure. htm Sorella Boutique. (2011). Retrieved from http//collegetownmacon. com/? p=1681 Thompson, A. A. , Gamble, J. E. , & Strickland, A. J. (2006). Strategy agreeable in the marketplace Core concepts, analytical tools, cases (2nd ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill.