Philosophy Sections 7.1 & 7.2 Essay Example for Free

Philosophy Sections 7.1 7.2 Essay 1. What are the requirements for knowledge? 4.What is Plato’s allegory of the cave supposed to demonstrate? Plato’s allegory of the cave is supposed to demonstrate not only the human situation in general but Socrates’ life in particular. Socrates glimpsed the true nature of reality and tried to convince the inhabitants of Athens that they didn’t know what they thought they knew. The objects that cast shadows on the wall represent what Plato considers to be the truly real objects: the forms. 5.What is Descartes’ dream argument? Descartes’ dream argument is as followed: 1) We can’t be certain that we’re not dreaming. 2) If we can’t be certain that we’re not dreaming, we can’t be certain that what we sense is real. 3) If we can’t be certain that what we sense is real, we can’t acquire knowledge through sense experience. 4) Therefore, we can’t acquire knowledge through sense experience. According to Descartes, you can’t rule out the possibility that you’re dreaming so you’re senses can’t give you knowledge of the external world. 8. Why do empiricists believe that there are no synthetic a priori truths? Empiricists believe that there are no synthetic a priori truths because they believe that sense experience is our only source of knowledge of the external world. 9.How does Kant explain the possibility of synthetic a priori truths? Kant explained the possibility of synthetic a priori truths by examining the method of inquiry used by mathematicians. Kant found that what makes it possible for mathematicians to discover such truths is that they study the principles the mind uses to construct mathematical objects. Section 7.2 (3 and 4) 3. What is representative realism? Representative realism is the doctrine that sensations are caused by external objects and that our sensations represent these objects. 4. What is the distinction between primary and secondary qualities? The distinction between primary and secondary qualities is that while secondary qualities exist in the mind not in the actual object, primary qualities are possessed by material objects.

Using Human Cadavers As Crash Test Dummies Philosophy Essay

Using Human Cadavers As Crash Test Dummies Philosophy Essay Using human cadavers as test dummies? Is it necessary or a waste? Many people are for, and many people are against using human cadavers as crash test dummies. Some reasons people are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because it is cost beneficial, they get the most accurate feedback from the crash, and utilitarianism. Some reasons people are against using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because the golden rule, religion, and people could be using the human cadavers for better reasons. Do the pros outweigh the cons? Ill let you be the judge of that. The people that are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies have a good argument. They have strong points that gravitate toward them. One reason people are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because it is cost beneficial. Many families have problems paying for the funeral service; therefore they may not have one at all. The average price for a funeral today is seven thousand dollars, and that is on the lower end. So the question is why put yourself in a great deal of debt when the body can be used for a better cause? Some people also have a funeral service and still donate their body. This is still saving the family about four thousand dollars for the grave site, tombstone, etc. Using human cadavers as crash test dummies is also cost beneficial because the average test dummies cost at least ten thousand dollars. This is a cheap crash test dummy and isnt as high tech as some facilities would need. By donating a persons body to science they are saving the family a nd the facilities a lot of money and these people believe it is for a good cause. Another reason people are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because they get the most accurate feedback. By using an actual human body it shows the automobile world what a real human can take. The people that work with the human cadavers use crushing force or speeds to see what our bodies can take. They also drop ball bearings on the skulls of the human cadavers and drop the bodies at different heights down an elevator shaft. Many people argue against this case and say that they can us one human cadaver to find the crushing force or speeds, then once they know use the crash test dummies. However, the people from this angle argue back that the real thing is always better then a stand-in and theres always going to be different things that can break different things. Therefore they would need more than just one human cadaver. Back when cars were first created they used to be very dangerous. At very low speeds the car crashes were many times fatal. By the use of human cad avers they have made cars safer so more people survive. Since testing with human cadavers, every year since nineteen eighty seven at least eight thousand and five hundred lives have been saved. The bringing up of seatbelts and airbags there was a need for human cadavers. They needed to test with human cadavers to see how much force we could take. The people that are for using cadavers argue that crash dummies are excellent, and should be used. However they arent one hundred percent accurate because only the human insides can tell us how much they can take. A third reason people are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies are because utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined by its utility to bring happiness or meaning in others lives. The people that believe this are strongly for donating your body to science after death. By doing this you are greatly affecting many peoples lives in a profound way, which increases your moral worth greatly. Every time someone donates their body to science a huge number of lives are saved by that one person. If they were not a hero before they died, that has made them one immensely. Eight thousand and five hundred lives are saved each year by people who have donated their body to science. By getting their body used as test dummies increases their worthiness a lot. It may not sound glamorous or appealing at all but if you think about the long run, how many people you are saving it is a good deed that Im sure will be greatly appreciated by many. Besid es, youre not using it anymore, why not let it be used for a good cause that makes you look good? Many people that are against using human cadavers as crash test dummies argue that it is not respectful. However, the people managing the body are very respectful with what happens to it and how it is handled. One way they do this is by keeping the face covered up. By doing this it gives the cadaver a great deal of privacy. Through this process the identity of the person is not revealed at all. They use letters and numbers to identify the cadaver and no one knows who the person is. The process by which they go through is also not gory at all. In the book they number the cadaver as UM 006 as the identifier of the cadaver. The scientists are the most respectful they can be while still doing their job. Although there are many points for positives of using human cadavers as crash test dummies there are still many people against the issue. These people have many reasons for this and believe it is not something that people should do with the donated bodies. There are many reasons why. Some reasons are; the golden rule, their religion, and the fact that the bodies could be used for something better. For this reason, human cadavers are a greatly discussed in the science world. There is a great debate between many. One reason people are against using human cadavers as crash test dummies is the golden rule. The golden rule is something we have been told our whole life. It states that people should treat others the way they would like to be treated. Would you like to be tossed around in a car without any control? I didnt think so. Many people see this as very disrespectful toward the dead. The main respect should go to the family. After someone is dead the family should get a state of peace. The body being jostled does not give the family peace. It is not respectful for the family to have to deal with the not knowing of where the body is, or what is happening to it. Also, when the donors sign up for body donation they do not know where their body is going. They have no say at all, which is something that many people disagree on. They believe the consent should have more options. In the book it tells us that in 1978 John Moss investigated the issue deeply. He tried very hard to make the use of cad avers for this reason unavailable. His reasoning was personal repugnance. A second reason many people are against using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because of their religion. Some people believe that if their body is not in whole then in after-life it will not be either. Also some religions are against this and their believers will stay with them. They also think that when a body dies the soul should be put to rest, but how is it put to rest when its used for crash testing? They also dont agree with the consent forms and believe they are lying or deceiving which is something religions do not support. A third reason is that many people believe the body of the donors could be used for something better and more helpful to the people. Their thinking process is that there are many trainees that are going to be doctors, shouldnt they get more practice? They dont see the point in wasting bodies on crash testing when the medical world is growing and needing more and more bodies. People understand that cars need to be safe however they know that they have tested enough human cadavers so that they know the speeds that can harm a human, and they could use dummies to make the cars safer. They also think that if people are more cautious then there will be fewer crashes because cars today are very safe. But the medical world is also going to be getting new doctors so they are in a constant demand of cadavers. They just want the bodies to be used for better reasons. Mary Roachs book did a great job of showing what happens when the human cadavers are used as crash test dummies. Her book was always very accurate about what happens to the bodies. One thing she was right about was the fact that Wayne State University was the first to test human cadavers as crash test dummies. This book tells in detail what happens to the human cadavers as they are in this process. All of the things she says are correct. She is very factual and shows a lot of evidence to support her theories and the things that she says. In conclusion there are many reasons people are for and against using human cadavers as crash test dummies. Some reasons people are for using human cadavers as crash test dummies is because they receive more accurate feedback, its cost beneficial, and utilitarianism. Many people are also against the use of human cadavers because the golden rule, religion, and because the bodies could be used for better things. Each perspective makes a good argument. Do you like the book? Mary Roachs book was a very interesting read. It told me a lot of facts that I did not know. I did find someone of the things she compared things to very disturbing (chicken noodle soup, Rice Krispies, etc.). I did not know that the donated bodies were used for so many things. One thing I was very shocked about was the body farm. I also dont completely agree with the body farm. I dont see what the point in it is even after I read that chapter. The things that happen to a decaying body however were fascinating. Mary Roach did a great job at giving factual information for people to learn more about the subject matter. I believe that the things they do with cadavers are worth the arguments people put against them. The use of cadavers has saved many lives; for example, many lives have been saved by the crash testing, medical uses, etc. I also believe that some things that people did in the past were uncalled for. One thing that supports this is the transplantation of heads. This is not s omething that is realistic and its not a main need. The money spent on that could have been used for something that was needed. For the most part I did enjoy the book. I enjoyed learning everything Mary Roach had to say and it made me second guess people donating their bodies.

Nanotechnology In Architecture

Nanotechnology In Architecture Historically and geographically human have lived in extremely varied technology or environment and have had to adapt to comfort habitats and thus the architects have had to manage the ideal of design as well as incorporate the evolutionary technology. A technology has evolved to a level where it is just too complex. Sometimes satisfying the need of the user and sometimes becoming too dangerous when the negative consequences are not taken care of. For example, the issues of the Large scales in architecture is one such matter which has been partially solved with the help of low cost materials, energy savingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. The scientists have developed and are continuing to develop nanotechnology to help architects incorporate more artificial intelligence in construction. Nanotechnology is a combination of various fields of science like, Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics, Bio-informatics, etc. There are three chief divisions in Nanotech: Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. Worldwide, there is much enthusiasm about nanotechnology as it has application in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy etc. It is observed that US, Japan, and Germany dominate the current RD effort in nanotechnology with a focus on they own expertise and needs (Hyd and spook, 2012). The use and control of the technology at an atomic or particle scale known as nanotechnology has started to have its impact like never before in materials of constructions and has immense futurist impact in architecture, this application of the nanotechnology and nanomaterials in architecture is NanoArchitecture. The nano world in technology is a real challenge for todays designers, it started with an understanding and control of the technology and materials on one billionth (10-9) scale. The understanding of these materials, its use in architecture to be profitable for users and its implication on the building (Construction) are some of the key aspect for inquiry in this dissertation. With the perfect solution of this dilemma, the Architects would not only know how big their task is but how it might lead to new ways of thinking architecture. After understanding the meaning and origin of this technology, we will study certain aspects that is a must in todays constructions and then we see the direction where this science is going, we will also look at the ways to incorporate these technologies in our architecture, therefore the question that will guide our research is how does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) become important to the level of influencing architects (designers). Nanotechnology is developed in the manner that it is active or passive, this repartition will lead us to a large study but our focus will rely on the relation passive active nanostructure and application of nanotechnology in a building design and construction. Passive nanotechnologies, such as nanocoatings, nanoparticles, and nanostructured materials, are already available. Second generation active nanostructures, for example, nanoelectro-mechanical systems, nanomachines, self-healing materials, and targeted chemicals, can evolve their properties, structure and/or state during their operation. This could increase nanotechnologys impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. Active nanostructures are likely to have a different and increased profile of impacts (including benefits as well as potential risks) compared with passive nanotechnologies. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does nano (technology, materials, science, concept, form and function) becomes important to the level of influencing architects (designers). NEED IDENTIFICATION: Over the years the materials used in buildings (during construction, inside or outside finishes) has been of a large scale, the evolution today have brought into existence the materials on a microscopic scale with even more value to life and building. They can be metals, ceramics, polymers or composites. Known as nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), the method of making these materials begins at the molecular or atomic level, sometimes creating new products with extraordinary physical and chemical properties. For example, a carbon nanotube has strength of 150 times that of steel but is approximately six times lighter. Besides strength enhancement, properties can include self-cleaning, super hardness, electrical conductivity, antimicrobial superior thermal resistance and stability, non-flammability, lightweight, anti-corrosion, superior barrier, light emitting and low permeability, among others. Applications in the building industry include use as fire retardants, high performance insulation, protective coatings, equipment lubricants, structural integrity enhancement and monitoring, photovoltaic, stronger tensile cables, and self-cleaning or heat absorbing windows ( CFN, 2011 )à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Using these materials which contain extraordinary application in the building can also bring amazing influences to the architect, designer or the design. Therefore apart from attempting to understand the transformation that the nanotechnology brings to our building there is a need to understand by students the uses of nanotechnology for creating better design. SCOPE: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A general understanding of nano especially toward architecture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nanotechnology (materials) applications in buildings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Concept; form and function derived from nano LIMITATION: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The laboratories details of certain materials and nano applications in medical branches will not be part of our research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This research dissertation will have some limitation in details like calculations, manufactures process, chemical components. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thinking in more detail about how to use nanomaterials in a design context, a first consideration is simply to define what is being design?. But there is a lack of built case studies, so we will rely on existing, futurist, basic concept and reading materials. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regarding the size of this matter nanotechnology, we will limit at the level where nanotech is active and very briefly talk about the passive Nanotechnology RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E PART O. COLLECT RELEVANT DATA This methodology starts with a basic understanding (through various sources) of nano technology specially its applications in the materials and its relation with form and function in architecture. A. Research Books B. Online discussions; ancient and actual debates. C. Study previous paper or dissertations and case studies done on this matter. D. Literature survey; Consist keep together all info found and relative to the topic and relevant to the research question. PART I. INTRODUCTION, NEED IDENTIFICATION, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH PART II. NANOTECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology Nanoproducts Categories (Passive and Active) Why this fuss Nanotechnology risk Sectors application NANOTECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE = NANOARCHITECUTE PART III. APPLICATION-FORM AND FUNCTION with its Impact Air-purifying Anti-fogging Solar protection Fire-proof Anti-graffiti Scratchproof and abrasion-resistant Anti-fingerprints Self-cleaning Easy-to-clean (ETC) Thermal insulation Temperature regulation UV protection Anti-reflective N. Antibacterial Case studies and examples showing how does certain of these proprieties can be include and what promise does it bring to buildings; New architectural readying. New creativities in form and functions. C O N C L U S I O N CASE STUDY METHODOLOGIES: Primary Case study By consulting an expert in the energy consumption field and materials that relate to it. The reading of the applications in nanotechnology in todays constructions is more related to Green designers, this part of the design has an impact in the ecology and climate control therefore the green rated buildings has in fact a considerable amount of nanotechnology use in it. This leads us to refer to architects involved in green concepts or sustainability from LEED etc ( Ar Alex Nyembo Kalenga) and also we could make a visit studies on the actual certified Green building Rajiv Gandhi urja Bhavan at Vasan Kunj New Delhi Still in Construction. A list of questions has guided our study and survey interview in which the answers are include to our conclusion of this research: 1. A personal understanding of Nanotechnology or Nanoarchitecture. 2. If any specific material at a nano scale is used to improve certain aspects in the building, such as: Insulation reduction Lighting Energy storage Air purification Water management 3. How do you think buildings designed exclusively on scientific principles of Nanotechnology will affect their occupants? 4. Does Nanotechnology have an impact on todays practicing architects If yes; at what scale does it influence them? Any example? If not; Why so? Secondary Case study The conceptual level derived of the interpretation of nano differs from an architect to another. 1. Two typology of this nano buildings as guided this part of the research: 5. Existing Nano Buildings ( Nano House Initiative, Australia ) 6. Futurist Nano Buildings ( Multi-storey Apartment building, 2001 ) 2. A list of materials (Function) originated from nanotechnology or concepts that have already been involved to some construction process, structurally or non structurally, environment effect has been touched on to clarify its impact to architecture. REFERENCES.. Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Center for Functional Nanomaterials ( 2011). Nanomaterials for architecture and buildings. Brookhaven. Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/13/360/nanomaterials_for_architecture__building.html NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y II.1. Fundamental Knowledge II.1.1. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? A brick is the smallest building block in construction. Whatever you do, the strength of the building is limited to the strength of the brick. The brick itself is made of minute particles of clay bonded together. One has limited control over how the particle of clay forms. Each particle of clay in turn is formed from molecules joined together in a particular pattern dictated by the forces of nature. What happens if it is possible to arrange these molecules in a pattern that provides greater strength? You get stronger clay and a stronger brick. This results in a much thinner, but stronger wall. This technology of arranging molecules the way we want is a basis of nanotechnology. (Johnzactruba, 2011) A strict definition of nanotechnology characterizes it as the manipulation of a matter at the scale of one-billionth of a meter or smaller. The measurement of one-billionth of a meter is identified as one nanometer (nm) (Jeffrey H. Matsuura,1957). Nano, is a word which does not only mean billionth less but also leaves a billionth of question in mind, because of the complexity to understand its simplicity. It is a world hold by the scientist, chemist and physicians. Yes nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research but not new. The level of its study and diversity has involved touching now many sector of life and becoming more and more known by the public. The concept first was introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988). But it is noted that in the 10th centuries the 16th centuries the ruby-red color of many stained-glass windows from the medieval era was a consequence of embedded nanoscale metallic particles within the glass. There were no scientific understanding of these phenomena at the time, nor were there deliberate attempts to produce what we now know as nanomaterials. Early knowledge relied on craft-based trial and error to achieve effects we must keep in mind, however, that not all interesting color phenomena are a result of embedded nanomaterials ( Michael F. Ashby, 2009). The evolution of nanotechnology has been more or less in the domain of chemical, medicine and physics (technique) then it involved to the environment, energy, agriculture, communication and information because of some of its advantage and disadvantage in the society. The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.2. NANO PRODUCTS Use as gateways to build other nano products, Nanosensors can be chemical sensors or mechanical sensors. Amongst other applications they can be used: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To monitor physical parameters such as temperature, displacement and flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As accelerometers in Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices that can rapidly and remotely detect change in their surroundings like airbag sensors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ For medical diagnostic purposes either as blood borne sensors or in lab-on-a-chip type devices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To detect various chemicals in gases for pollution monitoring à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements are capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors work by reacting to the changes in the resistance of a carbon nanotube in the presence of a chemical vapor ( Hawks Perch Technical Writing, 2007). II.1.2.1. Nanotube Known as well as Carbon Nanotube (CNTs), it is a tube-shaped material or cylindrical nanostructure made of carbon, having a diameter of nanometer scale. Nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts. Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (GPa). Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3 to 1.4 g/cm3, its specific strength of up to 48,000 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steels 154 kNà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1. Standard single-walled carbon nanotubes can withstand a pressure up to 24GPa without deformation. The bulk modulus of super hard phase nanotubes is 462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420 GPa for single diamond crystal) and can produce materials with toughness unmatched in the man-made and natural worlds. Because of the carbon nanotubes superior mechanical properties, many structures have been proposed ranging from everyday items like clothes and sports gear to combat jackets and space elevators. However, the space elevator will require further efforts in refining carbon nanotube technology, as the practical tensile strength of carbon nanotubes can still be greatly improved (Wikipedia, 2012). II.1.2.2. Nanocomposites The definition of nano-composite material has broadened significantly to encompass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale (Kanatzidis, 2006). New materials with novel proprieties are generate rapidly through this field. The properties of nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics. Although nanoscale reinforcements (or nanofillers) of nanocomposites have different kinds of fillers such as nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes and nanoparticles etc, their mechanical behaviors have some common features. As the figure shows a potential use of nanocomposites as multifunctional materials (Journal Club, 2008). AREA OF APPLICATION Such mechanical property improvements have resulted in major interest in nanocomposite materials in numerous automotive and general/industrial applications. These include potential for utilisation as mirror housings on various vehicle types, door handles, engine covers and intake manifolds and timing belt covers. More general applications currently being considered include usage as impellers and blades for vacuum cleaners, power tool housings, mower hoods and covers for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, pagers etc (Professor J.N. Hay, 2001). The inorganic components can be three-dimensional framework systems such as zeolites, two-dimensional layered materials such as clays, metal oxides, metal phosphates, chalcogenides, and even one-dimensional and zero-dimensional materials such as (Mo3Se3-)n chains and clusters. Experimental work has generally shown that virtually all types and classes of nanocomposite materials lead to new and improved properties when compared to their macrocomposite counterparts. Therefore, nanocomposites which combine new nanomaterials with more traditional ones such as steel, concrete, glass, and plastics, can be many times stronger than standard materials and promise new applications in many fields such as mechanically reinforced lightweight components, non-linear optics, battery cathodes and ionics, nano-wires, sensors and other systems. On the market there already a nanocomposite steel that is three times stronger than conventional steel. Before long, nano-reinforced glass might be used for both structure and enclosure. In the some student projects in the nanoSTUDIO at Ball State University, nanotube structural panels create transparent load-bearing curtain walls free of columns and beams, quantum dots make walls and ceilings light up or change color with the flip of a switch, and nanosensors in building components create smart environments that constantly adapt to their environment and users. II.1.3. TYPOLOGY M. C. Roco, one of the driving forces behind the NNI, has developed a more detailed typology of nanotechnologies. He identifies four generations of nanotechnologies: passive nanostructures, active nanostructures, systems of nanosystems and molecular nanosystems (J. Clarence, 2009) ( Fig04: For generation of nanotechnology development, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology ) Each generation of products is marked by the creation of commercial prototypes using systematic control of the respective phenomena and manufacturing processes. Products may also include components which correspond to different generations. Todays rudimentary capabilities of nanotechnology for systematic control and manufacture at the nanoscale are expected to evolve significantly in both complexity and the degree of integration by 2020. II.1.3.1 Passive to Active nanotechnology It has been suggested that an important transition in the long-run trajectory of nanotechnology development is a shift from passive to active nanostructures. Such a shift could present different or increased societal impacts and require new approaches for risk assessment. An active nanostructure changes or evolves its state during its operation, according to the National Science Foundations (2006) Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems grant solicitation. Passive: (steady function) nanostructures Behaviour: inert or reactive nanostructures which have stable behaviour and quasi -constant properties during their use. Potential risk: e.g. nanoparticles in cosmetics or food with large scale production and high exposure rates. Active: (evolving function nanostructures) Behaviour: the nanostructures properties are designed to change during operation so behaviour is variable and potentially unstable. Successive changes in state may occur (either intended or as an unforeseen reaction to the external environment). Potential risk: e.g. nanobiodevices in the human body; pesticides engineered to react to different conditions. Categories of active nanostructures are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Remote actuated active nanostructures, such as light-actuated embedded sensors; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmentally responsive active nanostructures, such as responsive drug delivery; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Miniaturized active nanostructures, such as synthetic molecular motors and molecular machines; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hybrid active nanostructures, or uncommon combinations of materials, such as silicon-organic ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transforming active nanostructures, such as self-healing materials. (M.C. Roco, 2004, 2007) Tour estimates the time it will take to commercialize each of these types as 0-5 years for passive nanotechnologies, 15-50 years or more for active nanotechnologies and 7-12 years for hybrids (J. Clarence, 2009) II.1.4. WHY ALL THE FUSS ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY? NANOTECHNOLOGY: THE SCIENCE CHANGING YOUR LIFE Penny Sarchet The advantages of using nanomaterials in construction are enormous. When you consider that 41 percent of all energy use in the United States is consumed by commercial and residential buildings, the potential benefits of energy-saving materials alone are vast (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010) and when we have to evaluate the energy used by buildings in the rest of the world the result will surly show that the use of the nanomaterials in buildings will be of an anxiety necessity. Nanotechnology thus has profound potential because it can free us from some traditional limits and offer us useful new capabilities. Nanotechnology can change some of the physical rules that have traditionally confined us. It can also free us from some of the limitations that have long been placed upon us by size ( Jeffrey H, 1957). The key is to understand the specific risks and implications of the product before it is widely used. This way we can ensure that nanotechnology evolves as a tool for sustainability rather than as an environmental liability (Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University, 2010). Benefices and profit with the nanotechnology is now in the hand of everyone and architects are with no doubt going to shape this realm to another level. e.g.: Solera enables seamless integration of natural daylight into the design and function of buildings. Well daylighted spaces deliver substantial and measurable benefits to sustainability, energy efficiency and human performance. This series of products provide architects with solutions to solve the challenges traditionally associated with daylighting techniques including solar heat gain, cost, complexity and glare. Other materials such as brickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ have already showed us the changes that it has done to the industries, life, designers, buildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In the early days, paint was available in a limited variety of colors for you to choose. Now most of the paint shops have mixers that allow the users to choose the color they require. The manufacturers have to produce and stock only a few basic colors, reducing production and inventory costs at much greater satisfaction to the consumer. The future of nanotechnology will be the personal nano-factories, like the paint mixers, that allow you to produce any material that you require. The shops have to carry only stock in molecular form. Advances in nanotechnology are moving at an exponential rate. It will eventually encompass every field of human activity including energy. (Johnzactruba, 2011) Disadvantages of Nanotechnology: Safety hazards with nanomaterials, Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes, Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components (Jamie Jackson, CIS 121) II.1.5. RISK OF NANOTECHNOLOGY It is obvious to find out that except from the greatness and impressive opportunities that nanotechnology offers, the risks are associated with it as well. And these risk touch-up on Health, environment, Industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Because of the size of the particles, nanomaterials may enter human and other living bodies and disrupt body-functions. Some nanoparticles may also be non-biodegradable thereby posing a new threat to the environment. Therefore it is crucial to examine and estimate the risk for regulating the production, use, consumption and disposal of these materials. (Hyd and spook, 2012). For example, Health effects of several insulating materials are a concern; 1. The fibers released from fiberglass insulation may be carcinogenic, and fiberglass insulation now requires cancer warning labels. 2. There are also claims that the fire retardant chemicals or respirable particles in cellulose insulation may be hazardous (Dr. George, 2007). The risk most talked about is the ability of nanotech carbon tubes to potentially cause asbestosis-type illnesses, (Mike Childs, 2012) Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs); and nanocomposites are being considered for various uses in the construction and related infrastructure industries. To achieve environmentally responsible nanotechnology in construction, it is important to consider the lifecycle impacts of MNMs on the health of construction workers and dwellers, as well as unintended environmental effects at all stages of manufacturing, construction, use, demolition, and disposal. Emphasis in industries; In India, late industry participation has also begun in this area, and there is an emphasis on fostering public-private partnerships (PPP). Nonetheless government support to this sector remains crucial for three reasons: 1. Nanotechnology is a capital-intensive technology and is in an embryonic phase, thus industry would not be able to sustain the research effort needed for the establishment of scientific and technological infrastructure. 2. The state is required to define the regulatory framework. In 2010-11 this process was initiated. 3. The state ,particularly in the developing country context, can set the agenda and resist the tendency to uncritically follow international trends in research that do not address their developmental needs. REFERENCES.. Dr. George, 2007. Insulation, nanotechnology for green building. Retrieved from http://esonn.fr/esonn2010/xlectures/mangematin/Nano_Green_Building55ex.pdf page 12 Dr. Pedro Alvarez of Rice University (2010, January). Future Cities: Nanotechnology promises more sustainable buildings, bridges, and others structures Retrieved from http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAINnode_id=2103content_id=CNBP_025646use_sec=truesec_url_var=region1__uuid=00475ea1-8da9-4443-8448-baaff07d9f4a Hawks Perch Technical Writing (2007). Carbon nanotubesand applications. Retrieved from http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.html Hyd and spook (2012, January), nanotechnology in india. Retrieved from http://www.indianofficer.com/forums/11771-nanotechnology-india.html#ixzz2Awlr7jNb Jamie Jackson, CIS 121: Computer Programming II (C++). Nanotechnology and the Development of Computer Circuits retrieved from Jeffrey H. Matsuura, (1957). Nanotechnology regulation and policy worldwide. why all the fuss about nanotechnology?. Artech house, boston-london. Journal Club ( 2008, may ). Mechanical Behaviors of Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://me.utep.edu/lrxu/Mechanical%20Behavior%20of%20Polymer.htm J. Clarence davies, PEN( 2009, April) Oversight of next generation NANOTECHNOLOGY Johnzactruba, (2011, may). Applicationof nano technology for energy, Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/87228-applications-of-nanotechnology-for-energy/ Kanatzidis, (2006, may). Nanocomposites. Retrieved from http://www.cem.msu.edu/~kanatzid/Nanocomposites.html Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J.Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek, (2009) Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design, a brief history of materials, elsevier Ltd. pg 29 Mike Childs, 2012, march technology making the splash. http://www.guardian.co.uk/nanotechnology-world/technology-making-a-splash M.C. Roco (2004, 2007), shift to active nanostructures is hypothesized. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/activenano Professor J.N. Hay and S.J. Shaw (2001, September). Nanocomposites: proprieties and applications. Retrieved from http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=921 Wikipedia ( 2012, november). Carbon nanotube. Retieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube NANOARCHITECTURE Importance of nanotechnology in architecture A P P L I C A T I O N S ( Fig05: Analysis of Nanotechnology from an Industrial Ecology Perspective Part I: Inventory Evaluation of Life Cycle Assessments of Nanotechnologies.) III.1. Environmental application Environmentally, Nanotechnology also has the potential to help our environment. Example: It controls pollution through source reduction. This is a method of eliminating toxic waste at its source, with the understanding that releasing the waste into the environment is the last resort. Source reduction can be achieved by cleaning up existing processes or by reducing consumption of resources where such consumption creates pollution. III.1.1. Insulation The impact of the improvement of insulation reductions is counted by billions of pounds annually. Ref table (Fig06: Potential sources of EU CO2 emission reductions ) Nanoscale materials hold great promise as insulators because of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. This gives them the ability to trap still air within a material layer of minimal thickness (conventional insulating materials like fibreglass and polystyrene get their high insulating value less from the conductive properties of the materials themselves than from their ability to trap still air.) Insulating a nonmaterial may be sandwiched between rigid panels, applied as thin films, or painted on as coatings (Dr. George, 2007) Nanogel panels; Aerogel This material as an incredible ability and capacity such as strength, it can take its own load 2000 times reminding that it has only 5 percent solid and the rest is filled with air only an are also applicable on fabric architecture or structures. Because nanoporous aerogels can be sensitive to moisture, they are often marketed sandwiched between wall panels that repel moisture. Aerogel panels are available with up to 75 percent translucency, and their high air content means that a 9cm (3.5) thick aerogel panel can offer an R-value of R-28, a valu

Religion, Barnard College Women, War, and Evangelical Biblical Interpretation after 9.11 :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Religion, Barnard College Women, War, and Evangelical Biblical Interpretation after 9.11 One of the most disturbing things about living in New York City since 9.11 has been the way in which the U.S. has been able to wage war on Afghanistan and now maybe Iraq, with very little public outcry. I’d like to suggest that behind the apathy, certain traditions of Christian biblical interpretation may be at work, traditions that feature feminine figures in very particular ways. These are interpretive traditions around salvation history, and apocalypse. Of course, one of the reasons that many people, particularly liberals, have not opposed the war is the discourse of saving Afghan women. There have been a number of insightful postcolonial critiques of this discourse and how it harms Afghan and Muslim women—for example, Lila Abu-Lughod’s talk given at Columbia University, â€Å"Responding to War,† which built on Gayatri Spivak’s critique that so often white men feel they have to save brown women from brown men. I would like to take these critiques as a premise, but move in a slightly different direction to consider where white men get their savior-complexes. I am interested in how interpretations of the bible shape political events and how the interpretive traditions of salvation history and apocalypse may be grounding this neo-colonial discourse of saving women. Here I’m not just talking about media rhetoric, but also about how people respond to that rhetoric and how certain ways of reading the bi ble position them to respond to that rhetoric. Given that evangelicalism and fundamentalism are alive and well in the U.S, I think its important to consider how common interpretations of the bible are part of the political calculus. This might be an obvious point, but I think that those of us on the left might bemoan the Christian Right without paying attention to precisely how biblical interpretations get incorporated mainstream discourse. However, my comments here are meant to be more suggestive than conclusive. The trope of Israel as a woman gets taken up in salvation history oriented interpretations of the Hebrew Bible in predictable ways. Israel is commonly read as woman who must alternately be punished and saved, and then ultimately led into dominion over other nations. For instance, I’ve documented some examples of these kinds of reading in my work on

What is the Bubonic Plague? :: essays research papers

What is the Bubonic Plague?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bubonic Plague is a disease that is caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. It is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size of a hens egg). The Greek word for groin is boubon, which is bubonic. The number of reported human cases of this plague in the United States has increased since the 1960s because the environment isn't staying clean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you get this disease? When a rat is infected, the flea bites the rat then the flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't digest any more blood. The flea then becomes so hungry that it bites the human. Now the human is infected. The first symptoms are headaches, nausea, vomiting and aching joints. Some others are fever, chills, the most horrible: the skin turns black.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1300s the plague spread so quickly in cities for many reasons. There were no regular garbage pick-ups. They let their food become rotten and kept them in their homes for weeks. Left over meals were thrown onto the ground for animals, also feeding rats and fleas. They had no running water, so bathing was every once in a while.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Galen's theory was that the disease was spread by poisonous vapors coming from swamps which corrupted the air. Heat was also believed to be a cause of the disease. People washed their feet and hands regularly but, not their bodies because this would open pores, another way for the disease to enter the body. Three Major Outbreaks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first plague was the Plague of Justinian. The plague followed trade routes to France and Italy. It killed 70,000 people. It killed 1,000 people weekly. Smaller out breaks occurred up until 1340.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second major outbreak was the Bubonic Plague. It was the most devastating. It occurred in Europe in 1346-50. The Bubonic Plague is also known as the Black Death. It began in Kaffa, a cathedral town on the Crimean Coast. By the end of 1348, the plague covered all of Italy and most of France. By 1351, the Plague reached Russia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third major outbreak was the Great Plague of London, in 1665 which killed 17,440 people out of the total population of 93,000. A fire burned most of the city and ended the outbreak. Human Cases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been cases of Bubonic Plague throughout the United States.

Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans

How the Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans The Renaissance changed how people viewed themselves from the Middle Ages when Christianity was so important. Human anatomy, man's temperament, man's role in the universe and people in art all show the decreased importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves. The perception of human anatomy and its function from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance has changed greatly and diminished the importance of Christianity. The first theory, â€Å"Zodiac Man,† believed that each sign of the zodiac ruled a part of the DOD.A zodiac is a constellation, which is part of the universe that God created. With the importance of Christianity, people in Europe at this time surely did believe that these constellations were controlling the body (Document H). Belgian physician, Andrea Vesuvius, who actually dissected the human body to better explain what actually happened, made another theory about how the human body worked. He discovered this hypothesis over 30 years after Johann; this new notion better explained how the body actually works and was more realistic (Document I).After the announcing of this new theory, the importance of how individuals viewed themselves were increased while people were starting to question how important Christianity really was. Man's temperament through plays showed how Christianity was all that the people of the Middle Ages could think about but then there is a gradual change of how Christianity was viewed in the Renaissance. Plays were conducted for people who were illiterate, this play is written by an unknown author at the start of the Renaissance but the lines of the play carry a meaning straight out of the Middle Ages.Many at this time knew that God was perfect and people felt that they also needed to be flawless in order to go to heaven and live an eternal life. The author starts the play off by saying that sin in the beginning is â€Å"ful l sweet† but in the end â€Å"cachets thy soul to weep† (Document D). The author is saying that people should not commit a sin otherwise they will go to hell. He also states that the individuals should listen to what God has to say in order to live a good life. Otherwise, Shakespeare states, â€Å"what a piece of work is man† (Document E).This line, along with the rest of he excerpt is dictating that men do make mistakes; they aren't perfect because no one is. These two passages from the plays show the different perception of religion, the excerpt from the Middle Ages is stricter on Christianity and how it is perceived thane excerpt from the Renaissance, where how sin is morally accepted because of everyone's imperfections. Man's role in the universe shrunk the importance of Christianity and amplified man's sense of individuality from the different drawings of the universe and how the two developed and changed people's understanding it.Ptolemy developed a theory f the universe that he himself and other scholars believed during the Middle Ages, and that was that earth was the center of the universe. God, having created the universe and the world in which the nation lived, the scholars believed that it would be â€Å"geocentric† (Document F). A new concept came along by Copernicus; he believed that the sun was the center of the universe by only relying on mathematics (Document G).Since the universe had been noted as being â€Å"heliocentric,† people started relying less on Christianity and started trusting themselves as individuals. People in art developed more knowledge on paintings and developed new artistic tales at the time of the Renaissance, which caused them to lead off of Christianity in their paintings and focus more on people and how they are perceived. Faces in the paintings from the Middle Ages through to the end of the Renaissance changed, scenes became less biblical and more realistic.In the Middle Ages, the painti ng was very religious. This biblical scene shows Mary and Jesus surrounded by angels, her face does not look accurate, especially not as accurate as a face that one would see in present time. Also, Jesus does not resemble a baby but looks more like a miniature an (Document A). With a drastic change, the Mona Lisa shocked many people with how realistic her smile is. Whenever in a room with this painting, the eyes will always follow which is a relatively new artistic style at this time (Document B).The real difference between these two paintings is that in the one from the Middle Ages, the artist does not know what Mary nor Jesus looks like because they lived in the biblical age, dying long before the Middle Ages therefore the artist trying to perceive the image of them is difficult. Contrarily, the Mona Lisa is a real model posing for the painting. In dad Vine's work, there is no sign of a biblical scene in his objective. Leonardo portrait helped people in the Renaissance stray from Christianity and appreciate themselves as individuals.Literacy at the time of the Renaissance started to spread, more educated people started questioning the teachings of the Church. Humanism, a movement where people developed, praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual started to advance at this time. Humanism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences and medicine. It started to change the individuality of humans through the human anatomy and how the constellations that ere first controlling the body but have now learnt that humans are the ones to actually control themselves on what they do and say.Man's temperament and how plays taught people that sometimes people sin because no one is perfect. Man's role in the universe and the two different drawings show that the earth is not the center of the universe but the sun is. People in art drifted from biblical scenes and started to focus more on people and the realism in painting real figures. These things all s how the decreased importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves.

Critique an Article

Introduction In order to benefit and fully understand what exactly a certain article is researching or auguring it needs to be analysed and critiqued to the point of understanding so to demonstrate this, the author of this material is going to analyse and critique the article, Factors influencing the food choices of Irish children and adolescents: a qualitative investigation. To achieve this in a well structured, well laid out piece of literature the author will use a checklist devised to critique a qualitative research study, in which it will be clear to recognise under appropriate headings.To conclude this assignment the author will mention any difficulties or problems that occurred through out the assignment. Title The title is very short but clearly states what the article is about. Parahoo (2006) mentions that the title should indicate the exact area of study and mention the population from who the information was collected. The title also is very informative with regards to the research method used as it's clearly stated. Author As indicated on the article, the authors have well recognisable qualifications.Amanda Fitzgerald is from School of Psychology, national University of Ireland, Galway, and is also corresponding author. Caroline Heary is also form School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway. Elizabeth Nixon is from School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland and Collete Kelly is from the School Of Health Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. Abstract There is an abstract as such but titled summary which acts as the same purpose, as Parahoo (2006) states that an abstract is a short summary of a study.The research problem being that there is relatively little research done to explore the factors that influence the food choices of children and adolescents form their point of view is mentioned in this summary. The methodology of this study uses focus group discussions of 29 young people, in different age g roups, ages ranging from 9-10, 13-14 and 16-18 years. From these discussions an inductive thematic analysis identified three key factors influencing food choices.Parahoo (2006) suggests that the abstract should mention the main findings which are referred to in this summary as, that their were developmental differences between children’s and adolescents perceptions of factors influencing food choice. Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest The phenomenon of interest is stated in the introduction as the author clearly mentions that this study was to understand the processes used to make food choices from the participants perspective.The researcher has mentioned that few studies have set out to qualitatively examine young people's own views so this is an indication that the researcher wants to explore the participants own experiences through a qualitative method i. e. Focus groups. The philosophical underpinnings are clearly that the author has identified that few qualitatively studies have been carried out to examine the factors influencing the food choices of Irish children and adolescents from their own perspective. Also the researcher wants to access how they interact with others in the environment about food choices.Purpose The purpose of this study was evident from the title and clearly explained in-depth through out the article. The purpose of this study was to explore differences between children’s and adolescents’ views regarding influences on their food choices. The researcher doesn't go too much into detail about how this research helps nurses but does mention that this study has useful implications for clinicians. Overall the use of the information obtained in this research would be of use to nursing in nutrional education for similar each groups in hospital.Method The researcher obtained the information from the participants using semi-structured interviews to guide focus group discussions. The use of focus groups is very suitab le in this qualitative study. Parahoo (2006) mentions that choosing focus groups as apposed to individual interviews helps to get more in-depth information from the participants' experience about a certain topic, it aids the researcher to get a wider view from all different experiences and leads participants to freely discuss and share their ideas.The use of focus groups enabled all the participants to share their own experiences and opinions about the phenomenon. Sampling The researcher mentions the participants selected and states the ratio of males and females and gives the age groups. The location or venue isn't mentioned at all. Purposive sampling is indeed used and as Parahoo (2006) points out that researchers use this type of sampling as they select the most appropriate candidates to be able to answer the questions being asked.The questions being asked were aimed at children and adolescents so the aged group selected was between 9-18 years, so they were suitable. Data Collect ion The data collected is focused on human experiences as the researcher mentions the use of focus groups which were semi-structured to guide the participants to share their own ideas. The focus group discussions were tape recorded, transcribed and double- checked for accuracy. Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee and parents had to provide written consent as well as consent from the participants themselves.The researcher didn’t mention if data saturation had occurred but did mention that following the inductive analysis procedure, categories emerged following repeated readings of the transcripts which identified key concepts. The researcher explains how the data was obtained using an inductive analysis procedure that were transcribed resulting in emerging categories. Data Analysis The focus group discussions were analysed separately and the researcher explains that an inductive thematic analysis was used and explains what this method does.The rese archer has remained true to data by using semi-structured interviews which are used in qualitative research and also by using direct quotes which in-riches the data. The researcher does not give direct headings and emphasis to the creditability, audibility and fittingness in the article but they are evident from reading the article. Credibility According to Parahoo (2006), credibility is when a study carried out shows the participants ideas from their perpespectives about the research.The participants do recognise the experience as their own as they explain their answers using scenarios. Audibility Audibility refers to the data produced in a certain study that enables readers to understand the original methods and conclusions used in previous research ( Parahoo, 2006). The reader can follow the way the researcher has carried out the research as the researcher sticks to the qualitative method used to collect information from the participants, through semi-structured interviews.The re searcher does mention that the research process used is that of a qualitative process. Fittingness The findings can be applied to people outside the study as the researcher mentions that this study gives a detailed account of young people's food choices from their view points so this information can be used to help other people in understanding. The results can benefit parents along with health care workers, working with that age group, towards building nutrition among children and adolescents.The researcher clearly states that the data in this research piece does support the compatible use of an integrated theoretical framework as its based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and ecological theory so young people's food choices can be explained, as the researcher wanted to understand how the participants engaged with others in their environment about food choices. Findings The reader can gather that the findings are broken down into three different categories, intra-individual fac tors, intra-familial factors and extra-familial factors. The researchers use of semi-structured interviews long with direct quotes containing scenarios made the data more rich. In the introduction great amount of detail is given to mention about other research and interventions. The researcher highlights that the results from this study helps in previous research. Also mentioned was that other research had found similar ideas among young people. Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations It provides a clear conclusion from the in-depth data received from young people about their perceptions of factors influencing their food choices and gives us an understanding of differences between the age groups preferences.The researcher does state that the findings are useful in passing on information to nutrition education providers with regards to the factors that do effect children and adolescents food choices. As mentioned previously, its not out rightly stated in this study that the fin dings are made explicit to nurses but one could argue that the findings can be used by a registered nurse in providing nutritional care to this age group. Conclusion This article was very informative and the researcher did make clear from the very beginning, the research method used.This research study was made more rich and descriptive through the use of direct quotes to describe scenarios. This research study had many strengths as well as limitations. The format in which the summary was presented wasn't very appropriate as its font size and style made it hard to read. Also the researcher failed to mention the exact location and venue where the focus groups took place, along with that, the ratio of girls to boys wasn’t equal, 13 boys to 16 girls.No opt out option was mentioned to the participants. The researcher did use explanations very well as certain terms were defined but too much detail was given in the introduction and discussion. Also too much referencing was used in one paragraph in the introduction. Overall this assignment made me aware of the procedure and method involved in critiquing an article and helped me understand the research process in general.